Integrated sensor assembly for led-based controlled environment agriculture (cea) lighting, and methods and apparatus employing same

ABSTRACT

An integrated sensor assembly provides multiple sensing modalities to monitor an agricultural environment, and may be employed in or used with controlled environment agriculture (CEA) systems to control and maintain improved growth conditions for various plants. In one exemplary implementation, an integrated sensor assembly includes sensors to monitor parameters important to plant growth, such as a natural light sensor, an air temperature sensor, a relative humidity sensor, an air flow sensor, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor, and a remote infrared (IR) temperature sensor. The sensors are mounted onto a single circuit board, which is then placed inside a housing for protection from the ambient environment. The housing can include one or more openings and apertures to facilitate sensing with protective covers where appropriate. A USB port can be included to supply electrical power and transfer of data to and from the integrated sensor assembly (e.g., to provide plug-and-play functionality).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION(S)

This application claims priority, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), to U.S. Application No. 62/660,720, filed on Apr. 20, 2018, entitled “INTEGRATED SENSOR ASSEMBLY FOR WATER-COOLED LED-BASED CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT AGRICULTURE (CEA) LIGHTING,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) is the process of growing plants in a controlled environment where various environmental parameters are monitored and adjusted to improve the quality and yield of the plants grown. Compared to conventional approaches of plant cultivation, CEA may enable year-round production of plants, insensitivity to variable weather conditions, reduce pests and diseases, and reduce the amount of resources consumed on a per plant basis. A controlled agricultural environment is typically enclosed, at least in part, by a building structure such as a greenhouse, a grow room, or a covered portion of a field in order to provide some degree of control over environmental conditions. Additional control systems may be deployed to adjust various environmental parameters including lighting, temperature, humidity, nutrient levels, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. For example, one or more artificial lighting systems are often used in such controlled agricultural environments to supplement and/or replace natural sunlight that may be obstructed by the building structure or insufficient during certain periods of the year (e.g., winter months).

SUMMARY

The Inventors have recognized and appreciated that incorporating multiple sensing modalities in a CEA environment may provide greater insight and control on various environmental parameters pertinent to plant development, crop yield, and crop quality. However, the Inventors have also recognized conventional sensors deployed in a CEA environment are typically installed, connected, and controlled separately, which may impose greater burden on the user to integrate the various sensors for use in the environment as well as increase system complexity, particularly if each sensor type has a proprietary connection mechanism.

The present disclosure is thus directed to various implementations of an integrated sensor assembly for controlled environment agriculture (CEA), respective components of such sensor assemblies, and methods of using the integrated assembly. The integrated sensor assembly may provide multiple sensing modalities to monitor an agricultural environment, which can be used to augment CEA systems to control and maintain improved growth conditions for various plants. In one aspect, the integrated sensor assembly can be a single unit configured to monitor at least a portion of an environment in which a single or small group of plants are disposed. The integrated sensor assembly may provide multiple sensing modalities in a single package in a plug-and-play configuration to simplify installation and connectivity to various control systems (e.g., a lighting fixture, a hydronics system). The integrated sensor assembly may also be readily interchangeable providing flexibility in deployment and replaceable for ease of maintenance.

In one exemplary implementation, an integrated sensor assembly includes a natural light sensor, an air temperature sensor, a relative humidity sensor, an air flow sensor, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor, and a remote infrared (IR) temperature sensor packaged as a single unit. The sensors are mounted onto a single circuit board, which is then placed inside a housing for protection from the ambient environment. In one aspect, the natural light sensor is configured to detect photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In another aspect, the IR temperature sensor is configured to capture thermal images of multiple plants at a spatial resolution that would allow the temperature of individual leaves to be detected. The housing includes a lens to protect the integrated sensor assembly and to provide transmission of sunlight or ambient light for detection by the natural light sensor. A Universal Serial Bus (USB) port is also included to facilitate supply of electrical power and transfer of data to and from the integrated sensor assembly.

In some implementations, the integrated sensor assembly can be configured to provide sensing capabilities for a controlled agricultural environment in tandem with a fluid-cooled light emitting diode (LED) based lighting fixture. In these controlled agricultural environments, various parameters important to the growth of plants can be dynamically changed based on environmental conditions sensed by the integrated sensor assembly. For example, the LED-based lighting fixture can be configured to have a variable PAR output, heat generated by the lighting fixture and carried by the cooling fluid can also be used to regulate environmental conditions, and air flow and humidity conditions can be regulated by one or more fans, dehumidifiers, and/or air-conditioners. The integrated sensor assembly can thus provide feedback to facilitate variable control of various operating conditions for one or more of lighting, heating and/or cooling (e.g., via hydronics and/or other techniques), air quality, and humidity conditioning systems. In some implementations, the integrated sensor assembly can be connected via USB port to the LED-based lighting fixture. An application programming interface (API) can be used to facilitate communication of data between the integrated sensor assembly and the LED-based lighting fixture as well as one or more other systems in the controlled agricultural environment for subsequent processing and use in a feedback loop.

In some implementations, multiple integrated sensor assemblies as described herein can be deployed as an array to monitor variations in growth conditions, such as air flow, temperature, or sunlight, across the agricultural environment. The array of sensor assemblies can be used in agricultural environments with multiple lighting fixtures, where each lighting fixture can support and be communicatively coupled to, e.g., via a USB connection, one or more integrated sensor assemblies. In some implementations, each integrated sensor assembly can be uniquely identified by an identification number, e.g., vendor identification (VID) or product identification (PID), which can be used to determine the location of each sensor assembly in the array and hence in the growing environment. By monitoring growth conditions at multiple known locations in the agricultural environment, lighting, heating and/or cooling (e.g., via hydronics and/or other techniques), air flow, and humidity conditioning systems can be appropriately adjusted to foster improved growth conditions.

In another exemplary implementation, a lighting fixture includes an aluminum housing, at least one light source mechanically supported by the aluminum housing, at least one copper pipe thermally coupled to the aluminum housing to carry a fluid coolant, wherein during operation of the lighting fixture the fluid coolant flowing through the at least one copper pipe extracts heat generated by the lighting fixture, a plurality of Power over Ethernet (PoE) ports, at least one Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, and at least one integrated sensor assembly coupled to at least one of the plurality of PoE ports or the at least one USB port. The integrated sensor assembly includes a plurality of sensors such as an air temperature sensor, a visible light sensor, a near infrared (NIR) sensor, a relative humidity sensor, a camera, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor, and/or an infrared (IR) sensor.

The at least one integrated sensor assembly may be coupled to the at least one of the plurality of PoE ports or the USB port of the lighting fixture via at least one extender. The at least one extender may include at least one cable, at least one gooseneck flexible extender, and/or at least one adjustable-angle extender. The at least one integrated sensor assembly may include a multiple-piece housing with a housing bottom, a housing top coupled to the housing bottom where the housing top includes an aperture, and a lens coupled to the housing top to cover the aperture. The at least one integrated sensor assembly may also include a single circuit board disposed in the multiple-piece housing. The circuit board may have a top side facing the lens and a bottom side facing the housing bottom and at least two of the plurality of sensors respectively are disposed on the top side and the bottom side of the circuit board. The at least one integrated sensor assembly may be coupled to the lighting fixture via at least one USB port where the circuit board further includes a sensor USB port, an air flow sensor disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board, and a temperature and RH sensor disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board. The housing bottom may also include one or more bottom apertures for the CO2 sensor and/or the IR temperature sensor to be each be exposed through a corresponding bottom aperture. The housing bottom and the housing top may also include a first protruding portion on a first side of the multiple-piece housing to partially surround the USB port, a second protruding portion on a second side of the multiple-piece housing, opposite the first side of the multiple-piece housing, to contain the air flow sensor, and a third protruding portion on the second side of the multiple-piece housing, adjacent the second protruding portion, to contain the combined temperature and relative humidity sensor.

In another exemplary implementation, a system includes (A) a fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture, (B) at least one fluid coolant circuit mechanically coupled to a first copper pipe and a second copper pipe of the at least one lighting fixture, (C) a building structure in which the system is disposed, (D) at least one support structure arranged in the building structure for supporting the plurality of lighting fixtures, (E) at least one shelving structure to support a plurality of plants, and (F) at least one integrated sensor assembly coupled to at least a first port of a plurality of ports of the fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture in (A). The lighting fixture of (A) includes an aluminum frame including at least a first channel, a second channel, and at least one enclosed cavity formed therein, the aluminum frame further including a fin protruding from the frame and having a plurality of holes to facilitate mechanical coupling of the lighting fixture to at least one support structure, at least one LED light source mechanically supported by the aluminum frame, the first copper pipe to carry a fluid coolant to extract heat generated by at least the at least one LED light source during operation of the lighting fixture, wherein the first copper pipe is press-fit into the first channel of the aluminum frame so as to establish a first thermal connection between the first copper pipe and the aluminum frame, the second copper pipe to carry the fluid coolant, wherein the second copper pipe is press-fit into the second channel of the aluminum frame so as to establish a second thermal connection between the second copper pipe and the aluminum frame, control circuity, disposed in the at least one enclosed cavity of the aluminum frame, to receive AC power and to control the at least one LED light source, and a plurality of ports, electrically coupled to at least some of the control circuitry, to provide DC power to at least one auxiliary device coupled to at least one of the plurality of ports. The building structure of (C) is configured such that the at least one lighting fixture includes a plurality of lighting fixtures and the copper pipes of respective lighting fixtures of the plurality of lighting fixtures are mechanically coupled together by a plurality of push-to-connect fittings so as to form at least a portion of the fluid coolant circuit. With respect to the at least one support structure of (D), the respective lighting fixtures are mechanically coupled to the at least one support structure via corresponding fins of the respective lighting fixtures. The at least one shelving structure in (E) is arranged in the building structure with respect to the at least one support structure to facilitate irradiation of the plurality of plants by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) provided by the plurality of lighting fixtures. The at least one integrated sensor assembly in (F) includes a plurality of sensors to sense a plurality of conditions relating to the plurality of plants supported by the at least one shelving structure in E).

The system may not include an air conditioner comprising an air conditioning condenser, an air conditioning compressor, and/or an air conditioning coil. The system may include a multiple-piece housing with a housing bottom, a housing top coupled to the housing bottom, the housing top including an aperture, a lens coupled to the housing top to cover the aperture. The plurality of sensors in the at least one integrated assembly may include an air temperature sensor, a visible light sensor, a near infrared (NIR) sensor, a relative humidity sensor, a camera, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor, and/or an infrared (IR) sensor. The at least one integrated sensor assembly may also include a single circuit board with a top side and a bottom side and at least two of the plurality of sensors respectively are disposed on the top side and the bottom side of the circuit board. For instance, the visible light sensor may be disposed on the top side of the circuit board, the carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board, and the infrared (IR) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board. The air flow sensor may be disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board and a temperature and RH sensor may be disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board. The integrated sensor assembly may also include at least one of an air pollution sensor, a pH sensor, or a hyperspectral camera.

In another exemplary implementation, a method for controlling an agricultural environment may include the following steps: (A) flowing a fluid coolant in a coolant circuit where the coolant circuit includes at least one LED-based lighting fixture from which the fluid coolant extracts fixture-generated heat as the fluid coolant flows in the coolant circuit through the at least one LED-based lighting fixture and at least one hydronics loop, coupled to the at least one LED-based lighting fixture, to facilitate temperature regulation in at least a portion of the agricultural environment, (B) irradiating a plurality of plants with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) output by at least one LED-based lighting fixture, and (C) sensing a plurality of conditions in the agricultural environment via at least one integrated sensor assembly communicatively coupled to the at least one LED-based lighting fixture. The at least one integrated sensor assembly in (C) includes an air temperature sensor, a visible light sensor, a near infrared (NIR) sensor, a relative humidity sensor, a camera, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor, and/or an infrared (IR) sensor.

The exemplary method may be followed by (D) controlling at least one of 1) the PAR output by the at least one LED lighting fixture and 2) a flow of the fluid coolant in at least one of the at least one LED lighting fixture and the hydronics loop, based at least in part on the plurality of conditions sensed in (C) by the at least one integrated sensor assembly. In step (C), the at least one integrated sensor assembly may be coupled to the at least one LED-based lighting fixture via at least one extender where the extender includes at least one cable, at least one gooseneck flexible extender, and/or at least one adjustable-angle extender. The at least one LED-based lighting fixture may include a plurality of LED-based lighting fixtures coupled together in a daisy-chain configuration where each LED-based lighting fixture of the plurality of LED-based lighting fixtures includes the at least one integrated sensor assembly. Step (A) may further include flowing the fluid coolant in the coolant circuit through the daisy-chain configuration to extract the fixture-generated heat from respective lighting fixtures of the plurality of LED-based lighting fixtures.

In another exemplary implementation, an integrated sensor assembly includes a multiple-piece housing, a single circuit board disposed in the multiple-piece housing where the circuit board has a top side facing the lens and a bottom side facing the housing bottom. The multiple-piece housing includes a housing bottom, a housing top coupled to the housing bottom where the housing top includes an aperture, and a lens coupled to the housing top to cover the aperture. The circuit board includes a visible light sensor disposed on the top side of the circuit board, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board, an infrared (IR) temperature sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board, a USB port, an air flow sensor disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board, and a temperature and RH sensor disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board.

The housing may be at least one of substantially water tight or substantially air tight. The visible light sensor may be spectrally sensitive to at least one of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The visible light sensor may detect light at a viewing angle of up to 160 degrees. The integrated sensor assembly may further include at least one of an air pollution sensor, a pH sensor, or a hyperspectral camera. The integrated sensor assembly may have a length less than about 75 mm, a width less than about 36 mm, and a height less than about 19 mm. A controlled environment agriculture (CEA) system may include the integrated sensor assembly as described above.

In another exemplary implementation, an integrated sensor assembly includes a multiple-piece housing and a single circuit board disposed in the multiple-piece housing where the circuit board has a top side facing the lens and a bottom side facing the housing bottom. The multiple-piece housing includes a housing bottom having a first aperture and a second aperture, a housing top coupled to the housing bottom where the housing top includes a third aperture, and a lens coupled to the housing top to cover the third aperture where each of the housing bottom and housing top includes a first protruding portion on a first side of the multiple-piece housing to partially surround a USB port, a second protruding portion on a second side of the multiple-piece housing, opposite the first side of the multiple-piece housing, to contain an air flow sensor, and a third protruding portion on the second side of the multiple-piece housing, adjacent the second protruding portion, to contain a combined temperature and relative humidity (RH) sensor. The circuit board includes visible light sensor disposed on the top side of the circuit board, a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board, the CO2 sensor exposed through the first aperture of the housing bottom, an infrared (IR) temperature sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board, the IR temperature sensor exposed through the second aperture of the housing bottom, the USB port, the air flow sensor disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the second protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing, and the temperature and RH sensor disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the third protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing.

By way of example, the integrated sensor assembly can be configured to operate with a fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture described in U.S. Patent Application No. 62/635,499 entitled, “Water-cooled LED-based lighting methods and apparatus for controlled environment agriculture,” filed on Feb. 26, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

It should be appreciated that all combinations of the foregoing concepts and additional concepts discussed in greater detail below (provided such concepts are not mutually inconsistent) are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. In particular, all combinations of claimed subject matter appearing at the end of this disclosure are contemplated as being part of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein. It should also be appreciated that terminology explicitly employed herein that also may appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference should be accorded a meaning most consistent with the particular concepts disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The skilled artisan will understand that the drawings primarily are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter described herein. The drawings are not necessarily to scale; in some instances, various aspects of the inventive subject matter disclosed herein may be shown exaggerated or enlarged in the drawings to facilitate an understanding of different features. In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like features (e.g., functionally similar and/or structurally similar elements).

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a conventional controlled agricultural environment where one or more HPS lamps are used.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a conventional controlled agricultural environment where one or more conventional LED-based lighting fixtures are used.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a controlled agricultural environment where one or more fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixtures are retrofit into a pre-existing environment, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a controlled agricultural environment where one or more fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixtures are coupled to a hydronics system, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a lighting fixture, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 6A is a circuit diagram detailing a first half of an exemplary LED module of a lighting fixture, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 6B is a circuit diagram detailing the second half of the exemplary LED module of FIG. 6B.

FIG. 7A shows a bottom, front perspective view of a lighting fixture, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 7B shows front, bottom, left side, and right side views of the lighting fixture of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 7C shows a cross-sectional view of the lighting fixture of FIG. 7B along the plane A-A.

FIG. 8A shows a top perspective view of a first lighting fixture coupled to a second lighting fixture and a support structure, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 8B shows a perspective view of a controlled agricultural environment showing multiple rows of fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixtures coupled together forming a continuous electrical and coolant circuit, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 9A shows an exemplary hydronics system including a fluid storage tank and multiple piping subsystems such as a lighting loop, a heating loop, and a cooling loop, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 9B shows a portion of an exemplary hydronics system coupled to a lighting fixture and a growing area, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 9C shows a controlled agricultural environment where one or more fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixtures are disposed in a vertically-stacked multiple-level growing area and coupled to a hydronics system, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 10 shows a side view of a controlled agricultural environment with a plurality of fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixtures and a plurality of sensors to facilitate monitoring of environmental conditions, according to some implementation of the disclosure.

FIG. 11A is a block diagram detailing various electronics components of a processor including a control board, a network board, and a single board computer, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 11B is a block diagram providing additional detail of the control board of FIG. 11A.

FIG. 11C is a block diagram providing additional detail of the network board of FIG. 11A.

FIG. 12A is a circuit diagram detailing various electronic components of a network board, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 12B is an expanded view of the Ethernet switch of FIG. 12A.

FIG. 12C is an expanded view of the PoE port of FIG. 12A.

FIG. 12D is a circuit diagram of the PoE controller of FIG. 12A.

FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of a single board computer, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 14A is a circuit diagram detailing various electrical components of a control board, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 14B is a circuit diagram detailing the bias and control power supply of the control board of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14C is a circuit diagram detailing the DC-DC converter of the control board of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14D is a circuit diagram detailing the AC line sensor of the control board of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14E is a circuit diagram detailing the DSP of the control board of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14F is a circuit diagram detailing the temperature sensor circuitry of the control board of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14G is a circuit diagram detailing the boost circuit of the control board of FIG. 14A.

FIG. 14H is a circuit diagram further detailing the boost circuit of FIG. 14G.

FIG. 15A is a flow diagram of a contract enforcement method, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 15B is a flow diagram of a method to update a license in a leased lighting system, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 16A is a top perspective view of an integrated sensor assembly according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 16B is a bottom perspective view of the integrated sensor assembly shown in FIG. 16A according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 16C is an exploded side view of the integrated sensor assembly shown in FIG. 16A according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 16D is an exploded top perspective view the integrated sensor assembly shown in FIG. 16A according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 16E is a top view the integrated sensor assembly shown in FIG. 16A according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 16F is a side view of the integrated sensor assembly shown in FIG. 16A detailing the field of view of various sensors according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 17A shows a circuit diagram of the various sensors incorporated into an integrated sensor assembly according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 17B shows a circuit diagram of electrical components and circuitry that support the operation of various sensors incorporated into an integrated sensor assembly according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 18 illustrates an integrated sensor assembly coupled to a downward or bottom USB port of the lighting fixture shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B via one or more USB couplers/extenders, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

FIG. 19 illustrates an integrated sensor assembly coupled to a side or end USB port of the lighting fixture shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B via one or more USB couplers/extenders, according to some implementations of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Following below are more detailed descriptions of various concepts related to, and implementations of, an integrated sensor assembly (also referred to herein as “integrated sensor package”) and methods for using the integrated sensor assembly to monitor various growth conditions in a controlled environment agriculture. It should be appreciated that various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in numerous ways. Examples of specific implementations and applications are provided primarily for illustrative purposes so as to enable those skilled in the art to practice the implementations and alternatives apparent to those skilled in the art.

The figures and example implementations described below are not meant to limit the scope of the present implementations to a single embodiment. Other implementations are possible by way of interchange of some or all of the described or illustrated elements. Moreover, where certain elements of the disclosed example implementations may be partially or fully implemented using known components, in some instances only those portions of such known components that are necessary for an understanding of the present implementations are described, and detailed descriptions of other portions of such known components are omitted so as not to obscure the present implementations.

Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) is the process of growing plants in a controlled environment where various environmental parameters, such as lighting, temperature, humidity, nutrient levels, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are monitored and adjusted to improve the quality and yield of the plants. Compared to conventional approaches of plant cultivation, CEA may enable year-round production of plants, insensitivity to variable weather conditions, reduce pests and diseases, and reduce the amount of resources consumed on a per plant basis. Additionally, CEA may support various types of growing systems including, but not limited to soil-based systems and hydroponics systems.

For an environment utilizing CEA, sensors should preferably be deployed throughout the environment to monitor various environmental parameters pertinent to the growth of different plant species contained within the environment. Various types of sensors may be deployed to monitor various environmental parameters including, but limited to, air temperature, leaf temperature, air flow, relative humidity, lighting conditions (e.g., spectral intensity, radiant intensity such as the photosynthetic flux density), CO2 concentrations, pH levels in the soil, and air pollution. These environmental parameters may also vary as a function of location within the environment. For example, the air flow rate above a lighting fixture may differ substantially from the air flow rate just above the plants.

The data recorded by the sensors may be used to provide insight on various aspects of plant development including, but not limited to the health of the plants, yield rates, and projected harvest dates. The data may also be used to provide feedback to various control systems deployed in the environment in order to adjust the environmental parameters described above. These control systems may include, but are not limited to, lighting systems, heating/cooling systems (e.g., hydronics, air conditioning), air flow systems, and humidity conditioning systems.

Conventional sensors in CEA systems, however, are typically designed and deployed irrespective of other sensors disposed in the environment and the control systems to which they may be coupled to. For example, different types of sensors may each have to be installed separately even if the sensors are monitoring the same region of the environment. In some instances, a separate platform or support structure may be installed (e.g., a frame, a rafter) to enable the sensors to monitor an otherwise inaccessible region of the environment (e.g., right above the plants). In another example, each type of sensor deployed in the environment may be connected to a power source and/or a control system (e.g., a computer) using a proprietary connection mechanism (e.g., different types of cables). In an environment where numerous sensors may be deployed, the integration of the sensors into the CEA system may be hindered by practical limitations related to separately connecting each sensor to the power source/control system. In yet another example, each sensor may be communicatively coupled to a control system using a separate system (e.g. a different interface on a computer, different communication channels), which further increase the difficulty in leveraging multiple sensors to monitor and control the environment.

The present disclosure is thus directed to various implementations of an integrated sensor assembly for CEA, respective components of the integrated sensor assembly, integration of the integrated sensor assembly into a CEA system, and methods for using the integrated sensor assembly. The integrated sensor assembly may include one or more sensors in a single package or assembly to monitor the growth conditions of plants in the agricultural environment. Examples of sensors employed in the assembly include, but are not limited to, natural light sensors, air temperature sensors, relative humidity sensors, air flow sensors, CO2 sensors, and remote IR temperature sensors. The sensors may be mounted onto a single circuit board, which may then be placed inside a housing for protection from the ambient environment. A connector (e.g., a universal serial bus (USB)) may also be included to facilitate supply of electrical power and transfer of data to and from the integrated sensor assembly.

In one aspect, the integrated sensor assembly may provide multiple sensing modalities in a single package with a single connector that both supplies power and transmits data, thus simplifying installation. The integrated sensor assembly may also be a plug-and-play device that couples to a control system directly (e.g., to a lighting fixture to control lighting conditions) or indirectly via a bridge device (e.g., to a hydronics system via the lighting fixture to control temperature). The connector may be a standardized connector, such as a USB connector, to increase compatibility with other devices in the CEA system. In this manner, the integrated sensor assembly may also simplify integration of various sensing modalities in terms of connectivity within the CEA system.

In another aspect, the integrated sensor assembly may provide a unified platform to control sensing and to receive data. This may enable the integrated sensor assembly to be interchangeable with another integrated sensor assembly, thus providing flexibility in terms of deploying the integrated sensor assembly in the environment. The integrated sensor assembly may also be readily replaceable (e.g., by disconnecting one integrated sensor assembly from a lighting fixture and connecting another integrated sensor assembly to said lighting fixture), thus simplifying maintenance. In some implementations, different types of integrated sensor assemblies may be deployed. For example, one integrated sensor assembly may provide a first set of sensing modalities (e.g., air flow, humidity, air temperature) and another integrated sensor assembly may provide a second set of sensing modalities (e.g., CO2, air flow, leaf temperature). Regardless of the sensing modalities available in the integrated sensor assembly, the system to control and receive data may remain the same.

For example, a CEA system may include a building structure into which at least one support structure is used to support multiple fluid-cooled lighting fixtures and at least one shelving structure is used to support multiple plants. The multiple fluid-cooled lighting fixtures may be coupled to one another to form at least a part of a fluid coolant circuit that circulates fluid coolant through the CEA system (and the lighting fixtures specifically). In this exemplary system, at least one integrated sensor assembly may be coupled to one of multiple ports disposed on one or more of the lighting fixtures for power and data communication. In this manner, each integrated sensor assembly may be used to sense at least one of several growth conditions near a portion of plants illuminated by a portion of the multiple lighting fixtures in the environment. Furthermore, such a system may also operate without the use of an air conditioner, because heat generated by the lighting fixtures is dissipated by the fluid coolant flowing through said lighting fixtures.

Based on the exemplary CEA system described in the above example, the growth conditions sensed by each integrated sensor assembly may be used to adjust operating conditions of one or more lighting fixtures and/or the fluid coolant circuit. For example, the lighting intensity sensed by one integrated sensor assembly may be used to adjust the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) output by a lighting fixture. In another example, the air temperature and/or leaf temperature sensed by one integrated sensor assembly may be used to adjust a flow rate of fluid coolant through the fluid coolant circuit.

Exemplary implementations of an integrated sensor assembly are based, in part, on concepts related to fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixtures deployed in controlled agricultural environments. Accordingly, example implementations of a fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture are also described below to provide illustrative context for inventive implementations of the integrated sensor assembly described in the present disclosure.

An Exemplary Lighting Fixture for a CEA System

A controlled agricultural environment is typically enclosed, at least in part, by a building structure such as a greenhouse, a grow room, or a covered portion of a field in order to provide some degree of control over environmental conditions. One or more artificial lighting systems are often used in such controlled agricultural environments to supplement and/or replace natural sunlight that may be obstructed by the building structure or insufficient during certain periods of the year (e.g., winter months). The use of an artificial lighting system may also provide yet another measure of control where the intensity and spectral characteristics of the lighting system may be tailored to improve the photosynthetic rates of plants. Various types of artificial lighting systems may be used including, but not limited to, a high intensity discharge lamp, a light emitting diode (LED), and a fluorescent lamp.

Artificial lighting systems, however, generate heat, which when dissipated into the environment may contribute significantly to the cooling load of the controlled agricultural environment. In order to accommodate the higher cooling load and thus maintain the controlled agricultural environment within a desired temperature envelope, the cooling capacity of a cooling system may need to be increased resulting in greater energy consumption. For a controlled agricultural environment on a variable energy budget, greater energy consumption may lead to higher energy costs. Alternatively, for a controlled environment on a fixed energy budget, a larger portion of the energy budget may be consumed by the cooling system, thus reducing the energy and capacity available to support a larger crop size and yield.

To illustrate the impact excess heat generated by an artificial lighting system may have on energy consumption, FIG. 1 shows a conventional controlled agricultural environment with one or more high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps 10, a particular type of high intensity discharge lamp, which irradiates a plurality of plants 900. The exemplary controlled agricultural environment shown in FIG. 1 further includes a dehumidifier 65 to manage the relative humidity of the environment and an air conditioner 85, which may include a fan coil, compressor, and condenser. Energy consumption by the air conditioner 85 generally depends on (1) the total cooling load of the environment and (2) the energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the air conditioner 85. The EER of an air conditioner is defined as the ratio of the cooling capacity (in Watts) to the input power (in Watts) at a given operating point. The EER was calculated with a 35° C. (95° F.) outside temperature and an inside (return air) temperature of 26.7° C. (80° F.) and 50% relative humidity. A higher EER indicates the air conditioner 85 is more efficient.

As shown in FIG. 1, the HPS lamps 10 may increase the cooling load of the environment by (1) dissipating heat convectively and/or radiatively directly into the environment and (2) increasing the relative humidity of the environment and thus, the power input and resultant heat generated by the dehumidifier 65. The cooling load in this exemplary controlled agricultural environment is about 1315 W. For an EER ranging from 3 to 7, the input power for the air conditioner thus ranges from 450 to 190 W, respectively. Based on the input power to the HPS lamps 10 of 1009 W and the dehumidifier 65 of 265 W, the air conditioner 85 thus consumes about 13% and 26% of the total energy budget, corresponding to an EER of 7 and 3, respectively.

The amount of heat generated may vary depending on the type of lighting system used. However, artificial lighting systems for controlled agricultural environments generally have large power inputs (e.g., greater than 1000 W) in order to sustain a sufficient level of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Thus, the heat generated by various types of lighting systems may still constitute a large portion of heat produced within the environment. In another example, FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional controlled agricultural environment where one or more conventional LED-based lighting fixtures 12A and 12B irradiate a plurality of plants 900. In this exemplary controlled agricultural environment, the LED-based lighting fixtures 12A and 12B dissipates heat primarily via convection, which may reduce the power input and heat generated by the dehumidifier 65. In this example, the total cooling load is about 1210 W. For an EER ratio ranging from 3 to 7, the input power for the air conditioner 85 ranges from 405 W to 175 W. Compared to the first example, the use of LED-based lighting fixtures 12A and 12B decreases the total energy budget of the controlled agricultural environment. However, the proportion of energy used by the air conditioner 85 remains similar to the first example at about 13% and 25% for an EER ratio of 7 and 3, respectively. As shown in the two exemplary controlled agricultural environments, artificial lighting systems may generate a substantial amount of heat, which may result in air conditioning systems consuming a significant portion of the total energy budget in a controlled agricultural environment.

A fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture may provide several benefits to a controlled agricultural environment. As an example, FIG. 3 shows an exemplary implementation of a controlled agricultural environment 2000A where a lighting fixture 1000 is retrofit into a pre-existing environment that includes a dehumidifier 65 and an air conditioner 85. While not shown explicitly in FIG. 3, the environment may be constituted, at least in part, by a building structure to house a plurality of plants 900, one or more lighting fixtures 1000, and other equipment. The lighting fixture 1000 is cooled by a fluid coolant 800 that circulates through a coolant circuit 570. Heat carried by the fluid coolant 800 is removed by a cooling tower 557 located outside of the controlled agricultural environment 2000A. The coolant circuit 570 may include one or more pumps, regulators and/or valves 555 to control the flow of the fluid coolant 800 in the coolant circuit 570.

As shown in FIG. 3, the one or more pumps, regulators, and/or valves 555 may produce a flow of fluid coolant 800 that exhibits a relatively colder temperature TC upon entry into the lighting fixture 1000 and a relatively hotter temperature TH upon exit from the lighting fixture 1000. The rise in temperature of the fluid coolant 800 is due, in part, to convective heating of the fluid as it passes through the lighting fixture 1000 due to heat generated from one or more LED modules within the lighting fixture 1000. The fluid coolant 800 may thus be used to capture and transport heat generated by the lighting fixture 1000, which may substantially reduce the cooling load of the environment and the power inputs to the air conditioner 85 and/or the dehumidifier 65. As shown in FIG. 3, the cooling load for the exemplary controlled agricultural environment 2000A is about 635 W, which is approximately 50% the cooling load in the exemplary controlled agricultural environments shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. For an EER ranging from 3 to 7, the input power for the air conditioner thus ranges from 210 W to 90 W, respectively. Based on the input power to the lighting fixture 1000 of 1009 W and the dehumidifier 65 of 160 W, the air conditioner 85 thus consumes about 7% and 15% of the total energy budget, corresponding to an EER of 7 and 3, respectively.

Although a cooling tower 557 is shown in FIG. 3 to facilitate evaporative cooling of the heated fluid coolant exiting the lighting fixture 1000, it should be appreciated that various types of heat rejection devices may be employed in the coolant circuit 570 to remove heat from the fluid coolant 800. Some examples of heat rejection devices include, but are not limited to, various types of evaporative coolers, “free” coolers, chillers, dry coolers, air source coolers, ground source heat exchangers, water source heat exchangers, or any combinations of the foregoing.

In another example, FIG. 4 shows an exemplary controlled agricultural environment 2000B where a lighting fixture 1000 is coupled to a coolant circuit 570 that directs the fluid coolant 800 to a hydronics system 501 having multiple plumbing subsystems 700A and 700B, which regulate and/or maintain the temperature of various portions of the controlled agricultural environment 2000B and/or space near the controlled agricultural environment 2000B (e.g., a hot pool, the growing area) by utilizing the waste heat generated by the lighting fixture 1000 as a heat source. The coolant circuit 570 may receive heat from the lighting fixture 1000 and other environment sources (e.g., a dehumidifier 65, the ambient air) such that excess heat generated in the environment may be substantially removed, thus further improving the energy savings to operate the controlled agricultural environment 2000B. In some implementations, the cooling load may be sufficiently reduced so as to eliminate the need for any air conditioning systems (i.e., there is no air conditioner fan coil, compressor or condenser).

As shown in FIG. 4, the controlled agricultural environment 2000B may include a dehumidifier 65 to regulate the relative humidity of the environment. The coolant circuit 570 may direct fluid coolant 800 heated by the lighting fixture 1000 into the dehumidifier 65 to further remove heat generated by the dehumidifier 65 in a convective manner similar to the removal of heat from the lighting fixture 1000. The coolant circuit 570 may then direct the fluid coolant 800 to the hydronics systems 700A and 700B, which may be used to heat the plurality of plants 900 and a hot pool, respectively. The coolant circuit 570 may distribute and direct heated fluid coolant 800 in a controlled manner by one or valves 502 before dissipating the remaining heat by the cooling tower 557.

In some implementations, the hydronics system 501 may also be used to regulate the temperature of the ambient environment itself. For example, the hydronics system 501 may be used to heat the controlled agricultural environment 2000B convectively and/or radiatively as the fluid coolant 800 flows through the hydronics system 501. Furthermore, while FIG. 4 shows a coolant circuit 570 passing through the dehumidifier 65, it should be appreciated that in other implementations the coolant circuit 570 need not include the dehumidifier 65, e.g. the coolant need not flow through the humidifier 65.

An exemplary implementation of a fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture 1000 is shown in FIG. 5. The lighting fixture 1000 may include a frame 1004 to mechanically support and house various components of the lighting fixture 1000. A light spine 1002 may be incorporated onto one or more sides of the frame 1004 with features to mechanically couple and secure the lighting fixture 1000 to a support structure disposed within a controlled agricultural environment. One or more coolant pipes 1006 may be coupled to the frame 1004, where each coolant pipe 1006 may be used to flow a fluid coolant 800 to cool the lighting fixture 1000. One or more LED modules 400 may be disposed on the frame 1004 to emit PAR towards a plurality of plants. A processor 90 may be coupled to the frame 1004 to facilitate the operation of the lighting fixture 1000 including, but not limited to power conversion, network connectivity, and data processing. One or more electrical power ports 1010 may be disposed on the frame 1004 to supply electrical power to various components of the lighting fixture 1000, including, but not limited to the LED modules 400, the processor 90, and other sensors that may be coupled to the lighting fixture 1000. One or more communication ports 1009 may be disposed on the frame 1004 to facilitate electrical communication and data transmission.

The frame 1004 may be a mechanically rigid, hollow structure that forms a substantially enclosed housing. The interior cavity of the frame 1004 may be dimensioned to house a plurality of components in the lighting fixture 1000, such as various electronics in the processor 90. The frame 1004 may include one or more mounting features within the interior cavity to securely couple the plurality components to the frame 1004. For example, the frame 1004 may include one or more slots disposed within the interior cavity of the frame 1004 and arranged so as to mechanically support at least two opposing edges of a printed circuit board. Other mounting features may include, but are not limited to mounting posts and mounting stubs.

One or more removable panels may be included in the frame 1004 to provide access to the interior space. The one or more removable panels may be coupled to a portion of the frame 1004 using various types of coupling mechanisms including, but not limited to screw fasteners, bolt fasteners, clips, and clamps. In some implementations, the frame 1004 may form a sufficiently airtight enclosure or cavity to protect components, e.g., electronics, that may be sensitive to the environmental conditions of the controlled agricultural environment. For example, the controlled agricultural environment may operate at a relative humidity that may cause moisture to condense onto various surfaces of the lighting fixture 1000, causing damage to components including exposed electronics. In instances where the frame 1004 is an airtight enclosure, moisture may be substantially restricted from infiltrating the interior space of the frame 1004 to reduce the likelihood of condensation forming onto components disposed within the frame 1004.

The frame 1004 may also include a recessed portion disposed along at least one side of the frame 1004, e.g., the bottom side, with sidewalls that at least partially surround one or more LED modules 400. The recessed portion may be used to direct light emitted by the one or more LED modules 400 along a preferred direction and angular distribution. For example, the recessed portion may be used to substantially illuminate a growing area containing one or more plants located below the frame 1004. In some implementations, the surface quality and orientation of the interior surfaces of the sidewalls forming the recessed portion may form an integrated reflector to reflect light emitted by the one or more LED modules 400. For example, the interior surfaces of the sidewalls may be polished to reflect light in a substantially specular manner and oriented such that light is reflected towards a preferred direction, e.g., the growing area.

The frame 1004 may also include one or more channels formed along one or more sides of the frame 1004 where each channel may be used to secure a corresponding coolant pipe 1006 to the frame 1004. The cross-sectional shape of the channel may be substantially similar to the cross-sectional shape of the coolant pipe 1006 to facilitate insertion of the coolant pipe 1006 into the channel. The coolant pipe 1006 may be secured to the channel of the frame 1004 using several approaches. For example, the cross-section dimensions of the channel may be equal to or smaller than the cross-sectional dimensions of the coolant pipe 1006 to facilitate a press fit where the coolant pipe 1006 is secured to the channel via friction. In other examples, the coolant pipe 1006 may be clamped to the frame 1004 using one or more clamps, which may include, but are not limited to zip ties and clamps with a worm drive fastener. The clamps may be removable to allow replacement of the coolant pipes 1006. The surface of the one or more channels may also be polished to improve thermal contact with the coolant pipe 1006, thus enabling greater heat dissipation into the fluid coolant 800. In yet other examples, the coolant pipes 1006 may be adhered or bonded to the frame 1004 using various methods including, but not limited to adhesive bonding, welding, and brazing. Thermal interface material may also be disposed between the channel and the coolant pipe to improve thermal contact.

The frame 1004 may also be, at least in part, thermally conducting to transfer heat from the one or more LED modules 400 to the coolant pipe 1006. In particular, a first portion of the frame 1004 disposed between the LED module 400 and the coolant pipe 1006 may be formed from a thermally conducting material with dimensions to (1) reduce the distance between the LED module 400 and the coolant pipe 1006 and (2) increase the lateral cross-sectional area between the LED module 400 and the coolant pipe 1006. In this manner, the thermal resistance between the LED module 400 and the coolant pipe 1006 may be reduced. In some implementations, the frame 1004 may be formed entirely from the thermally conducting material to simplify manufacture and assembly. In some implementations, the first portion of the frame 1004 may be formed from a thermally conducting material while the remainder of the frame 1004 is formed from another material, such as a polymer in order to reduce material costs.

The frame 1004 may be formed from various metals, ceramics, polymers, or composites including, but not limited to, copper, aluminum, stainless steel, carbon steel, polyethylene, acrylic, and porcelain. Depending on the materials used to form the frame 1004, various method of manufacture may be utilized including, but not limited to extrusion, sandcasting, milling, injection molding, and manual molding. For instances where the frame 1004 is assembled form multiple parts, various coupling mechanisms may be used for assembly including, but not limited to snap fits, screw fasteners, bolt fasteners, adhesives, brazing, and welding.

The light spine 1002 may be used to secure the lighting fixture 1000 to a support structure in the controlled agricultural environment. The support structure may be various types of structures including, but not limited to a railing, a suspended platform, a ceiling, and a wall. The light spine 1002 may be a protruding fin formed onto the frame 1004 that includes one or more holes of varying size to accommodate different sizes and types of coupling mechanisms used to secure the lighting fixture 1000 to the support structure. The coupling mechanisms may include, but are not limited to bolt fasteners, screw fasteners, hooks, and shackles. The light spine 1002 may be dimensioned to span the length of the frame 1004, thus providing multiple locations along the frame 1004 to couple the lighting fixture 1000 to the support structure in a stable manner. For example, the light spine 1002 may be disposed on the top side of the frame 1004 with a length that spans the length of the frame 1004. The light spine 1002 may include a plurality of holes where the center axis of each hole is parallel to the top side of the frame 1004. Multiple bolt fasteners may be installed at each end and the center of the light spine 1002 to secure the lighting fixture 1000 to a sidewall of a support structure. Multiple light spines 1002 may also be distributed along the length of the frame 1004 or on multiple sides of the frame 1004 to allow the lighting fixture 1000 to be coupled to different support structures.

As described above, the coolant pipe 1006 may be used to flow fluid coolant 800 to capture heat generated by the LED module 400. The coolant pipe 1006 may be dimensioned to have a length longer than the frame 1004 such that a portion of the coolant pipe 1006 may extend beyond the sides of the frame 1004 to facilitate coupling of the coolant pipe 1006 to a pipe from a coolant circuit, a hydronics system, or another lighting fixture 1000. Various types of coupling mechanisms may be used to couple the coolant pipe 1006 to another pipe including, but not limited to threaded fittings, where the ends of the coolant pipe 1006 have corresponding threads, and bolt fasteners, where the end of the coolant pipe 1006 have a flange that mates to a corresponding flange on another pipe. In a preferred implementation, push-to-connect plumbing fittings may be used as a coupling mechanism where the ends of the coolant pipe 1006 are left bare. In this manner, internal seals and O-rings do not need to be used.

Multiple coolant pipes 1006 may be incorporated into the frame 1004 where each coolant pipe 1006 may be used to flow fluid coolant 800 along the same or opposing directions. For example, the lighting fixture 1000 may include two coolant pipes 1006 disposed on opposing sides of the frame 1004. For a lighting fixture 1000 that supports multiple LED modules 400, an opposing flow configuration (e.g., fluid coolant 800 flows in opposing directions between the two coolant pipes 1006) may more uniformly remove heat from the multiple LED modules 400. In comparison, a same flow configuration will result in more heat removed from the LED module 400 closest to the fluid coolant 800 input and less heat removed from the LED module 400 furthest from the fluid coolant 800 input. Additionally, the opposing flow configuration may more readily facilitate implementation of a closed coolant circuit. For example, the two coolant pipes 1006 may be connected at one end by a plumbing fitting such that fluid coolant 800 entering the lighting fixture 1000 flows through a first coolant pipe 1006 and then a second coolant pipe 1006 serially before exiting the lighting fixture 1000 on the same side.

The coolant pipe 1006 may be formed from various materials including copper, aluminum, and stainless steel. In a preferred implementation, the coolant pipes 1006 may be formed from copper to reduce algae growth, fouling, and corrosion. Thus, by coupling copper coolant pipes 1006 using the push-to-connect plumbing fittings described above, the fluid coolant 800 may pass through a coolant circuit made up of only copper without contacting other materials in the lighting fixture (e.g., an aluminum frame 1004).

The cross-sectional dimensions of the coolant pipe 1006 may vary depending on multiple factors including, but not limited to a desired flow rate, fluid coolant properties (e.g., dynamic viscosity, density), and a desired type of flow. For example, it may be desirable for the fluid coolant to be in a turbulent flow regime, which engenders a higher heat transfer coefficient, thus dissipating more heat from the lighting fixture 1000. In some implementations, the cross-sectional dimensions of the coolant pipe 1006 may be chosen such that a particular Reynold's number, Re, is greater than a desired threshold (e.g., Re>4000 for turbulent flow) for a given pump power and coolant circuit geometry. The interior surface of the coolant pipe 1006 may also be roughened to increase the surface area and the convective heat transfer coefficient. The effective depth and pitch of the interior surface roughness may be chosen so as to not substantially increase pumping requirements (e.g., due to a larger pressure drop) and maintains wettability of the interior surface to the fluid coolant 800 (e.g., remains hydrophilic, oleophilic).

The fluid coolant 800 used to capture and carry heat from the lighting fixture 1000 may be chosen based on several factors. First, it is preferable for the fluid coolant 800 to exhibit a high thermal conductivity and a high specific heat in order to increase heat dissipation from the LED module 400 to the fluid coolant 800. Second, the fluid coolant 800 should remain in a liquid phase within the operating temperature and pressure range of the controlled agricultural environment. For example, the fluid coolant 800 should not freeze or boil as it passes through the lighting fixture 1000, the coolant circuit, the hydronics system, or a cooling tower. Third, the fluid coolant 800 should also be chosen so as not to substantially corrode the coolant pipe 1006. For controlled agricultural environments, the fluid coolant 800 may be various fluids including, but not limited to water, mineral oil, glycol, and mixtures.

The lighting fixture 1000 also may include one or more communication and/or auxiliary power ports, for example, to provide auxiliary DC power to one or more auxiliary devices coupled to the port(s), and/or facilitate communications between the lighting fixture and the one or more auxiliary devices. Example of such ports include, but are not limited to, one or more Power over Ethernet (PoE) ports and/or one or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports.

For example, the lighting fixture 1000 may include at least one electrical power port 1010 to supply electrical power to various components in the lighting fixture 1000 (e.g., the LED module 400) and/or various components electrically coupled to the lighting fixture 1000 (e.g., other lighting fixtures 1000 or auxiliary sensors). The electrical power port 1010 may receive as input alternating current (AC) power, such as from a building electrical supply system, which may be converted into direct current (DC) power via the processor 90. The processor 90 may include electronics to facilitate conversion between DC and AC power, as will be discussed in greater detail below.

One or more communication ports 1009 may also be used in the lighting fixture 1000 to facilitate data transmission to and from the lighting fixture 1000. For example, the communication port 1009 may be used to remotely control various aspects of the lighting fixture 1000 including, but not limited to adjustments to electrical power (e.g., high voltage and low voltage modes), adjustments to the spectral content of the light emission (e.g., directing more power to blue or red LED elements), and commands to operate auxiliary sensor devices (e.g., frequency of data recording). In another example, the communication port 1009 may be used to send various status and monitoring data to a remote user including, but not limited to electrical power consumption, temperature, and data measured by auxiliary sensor devices. The data received and transmitted by the communication port 1009 may be managed, in part, by the processor 90, as will be discussed in more detail below.

The communication port 1009 may accommodate various types of electrical cabling including, but not limited to universal serial bus (USB) cables and Power over Ethernet (PoE) cables. In some implementations, multiple communication ports 1009 including both USB and PoE ports may be used to enable greater flexibility and compatibility with more types of cabling and auxiliary devices. One or more communication ports 1009 may be disposed on one or more sides of the frame 1004. For example, a set of communication ports 1009 may be disposed on opposite sides of the frame 1004 (e.g., left and right sides or front and rear sides) to facilitate connectivity between a plurality of lighting fixtures 1000 in a daisy-chain configuration. Communication ports 1009 may also be disposed on the frame 1004 where auxiliary sensors are likely to be deployed. For example, communication ports 1009 may be disposed on the bottom side of the frame 1004 to provide electrical connection to auxiliary sensors that are used to monitor ambient conditions near the plants located below the lighting fixture 1000. In some implementations, the communication port 1009 may also supply DC power. For example, the lighting fixture 1000 may include a USB port that may electrically power an auxiliary sensor device and receive data measured by the auxiliary sensor device through the same communication port 1009.

The LED module 400 may include one or more LED elements arranged into an array. The one or more LED elements of the LED module 400 may each emit light at a particular wavelength such that in combination, the LED module 400 irradiates plants with light at multiple wavelengths tailored to improve various aspects related to the growth of plants and operation of the controlled agricultural environment including, but not limited to improving photosynthetic rates of the plants, growth modification, and ultraviolet (UV) sterilization. The one or more LED elements may be assembled onto the frontside of a printed circuit board. An exemplary circuit layout of an LED module 400 according to one inventive implementation is shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, which illustrates the respective halves 400A1 and 400A2 of the LED module 400A. As shown, the LED module 400A may include multiple LED elements that are distributed across the printed circuit board.

The printed circuit board may be a metal core printed circuit board (MCPCB) to facilitate heat dissipation generated by the one or more LED elements. The LED module 400 may be coupled to the frame 1004 such that the backside of the printed circuit board is in contact with the bottom side of the frame 1004 located in the recessed portion as described above. The LED module 400 may be coupled to the frame 1004 using various coupling mechanisms including, but not limited to screw fasteners, bolt fasteners, clips, and clamps. The coupling mechanism may be adjusted such that a clamping force is applied to the LED module 400, thus improving the thermal contact between the LED module 400 and the frame 1004. Additionally, thermal interface material may also be placed between the LED module 400 and the frame 1004 to improve thermal contact.

In some implementations, the lighting fixture 1000 may also include an optic located on the recessed portion of the frame 1004, which covers the LED module 400. The optic may be used to modify the direction and angular distribution of the light emitted by the LED module 400. For example, a portion of the optic may have a convex surface to focus light emitted from the LED module 400 onto plants located directly below the lighting fixture 1000. The optic may be coupled to the frame 1004 using various coupling mechanisms including, but not limited to screw fasteners, bolt fasteners, clips, and clamps. In some implementations, the optic may form a substantially airtight enclosure around the LED module 400, thus substantially isolating the LED module 400 from the ambient environment in the controlled agricultural environment. Similar to the airtight enclosure that may be formed by the frame 1004, the optic may reduce moisture infiltration, thus reducing the risk of condensation damaging the LED module 400.

An exemplary lighting fixture 1000 according to one inventive implementation is shown in FIGS. 7A-7C. FIG. 7A shows a bottom perspective view of the lighting fixture 1000 and FIG. 7B shows a front, bottom, left and right side view of the lighting fixture 1000. As shown, the lighting fixture 1000 includes a frame 1004 dimensioned to support three LED modules 400A, 400B, and 400C positioned in a row and disposed on the bottom side of the frame 1004. A light spine 1002 may be formed on the top of the frame 1004 that substantially spans the entire length of the frame 1004. The light spine 1002 may include a plurality of different sized holes to facilitate coupling of the lighting fixture 1000 to a support structure in the controlled agricultural environment. The left and right-side panels of the frame 1004 may be secured by a plurality of screw fasteners and hence, may be removed to allow access into the interior cavity of the frame 1004. The left side panel of the frame 1004 may include two communication ports 1009, e.g., a USB port 1012A and a PoE port 1008C. The right-side panel of the frame 1004 may also include two communication ports 1009, e.g., two PoE ports 1008A and 1008B, as well as an electrical power port 1010. Two communication ports, e.g., a USB port 1012B and a PoE port 1008D, may be disposed on the bottom side of the frame 1004 to facilitate connectivity to auxiliary senor devices that may be used to monitor ambient conditions near the plants. The lighting fixture 1000 also includes two coolant pipes 1006A and 1006B disposed along the front and rear sides of the frame 1004. The frame 1004 may be formed from an aluminum extrusion to include a corresponding pair of channels. The coolant pipes 1006A and 1006B, which may be formed form copper, may be press-fit or crush-fit into the corresponding channels. In this manner, the likelihood that fluid coolant flowing through the coolant pipes 1006A and 1006B contacts the frame 1004 is substantially reduced.

FIG. 7C shows a cross-sectional view of the lighting fixture 1000 where the coolant pipes 1006A and 1006B are shown to be press-fit into the channels of the frame 1004. Thermal interface material 1007 may be disposed between the channels and the coolant pipes 1006A and 1006B to improve thermal contact. The LED modules 400A-400C are disposed substantially in a recessed portion of the bottom side of the frame 1004 and in close proximity to the coolant pipes 1006A and 1006B to facilitate heat dissipation. As shown, a small portion of the frame 1004, which is formed from a thermally conducting material, is present between the coolant pipes 1006A and 1006B and the LED modules 400A-400C. FIG. 7C also shows mounting features 1014 used to support various control circuitry boards 100, 200, and 300, which are collectively referred to hereafter as a processor 90. The mounting features 1014 are a pair of protruding slots disposed along the front and rear sides of the frame 1004, which are dimensioned to support the opposing edges of the processor 90. The processor 90 is positioned above the coolant pipes 1006A and 1006B and LED modules 400A-400C in order to reduce thermal effects due to heat generated by the LED modules 400A-400C. An optic 1020 is also included, which may be coupled to the frame 1004 via a plurality of screw fasteners. The optic 1020 may be a transparent lens with a convex surface used to redirect light emitted by the LED modules 400A-400C along a desired direction and angular distribution. The optic 1020 may also substantially enclose and isolate the LED modules 400A-400C from the surrounding ambient environment.

As described above, the lighting fixture 1000 may be coupled to other lighting fixtures 1000 in a daisy-chain configuration where electrical and piping connections are shared to facilitate assembly of a continuous electrical circuit and coolant circuit. For the coolant circuit, the daisy-chain configuration may be in series where the fluid coolant 800 exiting from one lighting fixture 1000 flows into a subsequent lighting fixture 1000 within the daisy-chain. The temperature of the fluid coolant 800 may increase further due to heat generated from the LED modules 400 of the subsequent lighting fixture 1000. It should be appreciated that so long as the temperature of the coolant fluid 800 is less than the temperature of the LED modules 400 in the lighting fixture 1000, the fluid coolant 800 may still capture heat from the lighting fixture 1000. Furthermore, in some implementations, heat rejection devices may be interspersed along the coolant circuit to reduce the temperature of the fluid coolant 800 and maintain sufficient heat dissipation as the fluid coolant 800 passes through multiple lighting fixtures 1000. An exemplary implementation detailing the manner in which two lighting fixtures 1000 and 1000-B may be coupled in a daisy-chain configuration is shown in FIG. 8A. In some implementations, the lighting fixture 1000 may be coupled to a support structure 999 using a bolt fastener 1027 placed through a hole in the light spine 1002 and secured to the side of the support structure 999 as shown in FIG. 8A.

The coolant pipes 1006A and 1006B of the lighting fixture 1000 may be coupled to a corresponding set of coolant pipes 1006A-B and 1006B-B from the other lighting fixture 1000-B using one or more intermediate pipes. As shown in FIG. 8A, the pair of coolant pipes 1006B and 1006B-B (1006A and 1006A-B) may be connected via a single intermediate pipe 1040B (1040A). Each intermediate pipe 1040B (1040A) may have push-to-connect fittings 1025A (1025B) disposed on both ends to facilitate connection to the coolant pipes 1006B and 1006B-B (1006A and 1006A-B). The shape of the intermediate pipe may vary depending on the desired distance and orientation between lighting fixtures 1000 and 1000-B. For example, the length of the intermediate pipe may be longer in order to space the lighting fixtures 1000 and 1000-B further apart to provide greater areal coverage or to traverse a gap separating two separate growing areas. In another example, the intermediate pipe may be curved such that the lighting fixtures 1000 and 1000-B are oriented at an angle relative to one another, e.g., 90 degrees, to accommodate variable shaped growing areas. In yet another example, the intermediate pipe may be substantially U-shaped to couple two parallel rows of lighting fixtures 1000 where the lighting fixtures 1000 and 1000-B are the last lighting fixtures 1000 in each respective row. In this manner, the coolant circuit may be continuous for multiple rows of lighting fixtures 1000.

Electrical power may be supplied to multiple lighting fixtures 1000 through a single power cable. An exemplary power cable 1030 coupled to the lighting fixture 1000 is shown in FIG. 8A. In some implementations, the power cable 1030 may be rated to support a particular electrical power and current input. For example, the power cable 1030 may be rated to supply at least 1000 W of electrical power and up to 15 A of current. Depending on the power and current requirements of the lighting fixture 1000, the power cable 1030 may be used to power multiple lighting fixtures 1000, thus reducing the amount of cabling and the number of electrical terminals (e.g., electrical outlets) that need to be installed in the controlled agricultural environment.

The lighting fixture 1000 may also be communicatively coupled to another lighting fixture 1000 to facilitate transmission of data and control signals to multiple lighting fixtures 1000. As shown in FIG. 8A, an Ethernet cable 1060 may be used to couple the PoE port 1008A of lighting fixture 1000 to the PoE port 1008C-B of lighting fixture 1000-B. Each of the lighting fixtures 1000 and 1000-B may include a processor to manage the flow of data and/or control signals. In some implementations, the lighting fixture 1000 may be used as a piggyback to facilitate the transfer of data and/or control signals to another lighting fixture 1000 located further along the daisy-chain. In this manner, multiple lighting fixtures 1000 spanning a large area may be communicatively coupled to a fewer number of network nodes (e.g., hubs, switches, routers) and without using excessive amounts of network cabling.

An exemplary arrangement of lighting fixtures 1000 in a controlled agricultural environment 2000 is shown in FIG. 8B. Multiple lighting fixtures 1000 may be arranged along a row spanning a growing area defined by the dimensions of a shelf 902A. Each lighting fixture 1000 in the row may be coupled to a support structure 999A disposed above the shelf 902A. The lighting fixtures 1000 in the row may be coupled together in a daisy chain configuration, as described above. Intermediate piping may be used to couple adjacent lighting fixtures 1000 such that fluid coolant 800 may circulate through the multiple lighting fixtures 1000 in a continuous manner from a single inlet and outlet for the row. One or more power cables may be used to supply electrical power to the lighting fixtures 1000. Ethernet cabling may be used to communicatively couple the lighting fixtures 1000 in a serial manner and to a common network node. As shown in FIG. 8B, the controlled agricultural environment 2000 may include multiple rows of lighting fixtures 1000 supported by support structures 999A-999E arranged above corresponding rows of shelves 902A-902E. The controlled agricultural environment 2000 may further include a fan 75, dehumidifiers 65A and 65B, and air conditioning ducts 85A and 85B for one or more air conditioners.

As previously shown in the exemplary controlled agricultural environments 2000A and 2000B in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively, the lighting fixture 1000 may be incorporated into a coolant circuit 570 to facilitate the flow of fluid coolant 800 such that heat may be continuously removed from the lighting fixture 1000. In some implementations, the coolant circuit 570 may be designed to substantially remove heat from only the lighting fixture 1000 and is not intended to thermally interact with other components or regions of the controlled agricultural environment 2000A, as shown in the coolant circuit 570 in FIG. 3 for a retrofit application. In some implementations, however, the coolant circuit 570 may include additional piping subsystems designed to redistribute heat to a space near or within the controlled agricultural environment, such as the coolant circuit 570 shown in FIG. 4 for a hydronics application, and/or to store heat captured by the lighting fixture 1000 for later use.

A piping subsystem may be branched from the coolant circuit 570 such that the flow of fluid coolant 800 may be controllably adjusted (e.g., by a valve and a separate pump) without affecting the flow of fluid coolant 800 through the coolant circuit 570 and hence, without affecting the removal of heat from the lighting fixture 1000. However, in some instances, a piping subsystem may be placed in series with the coolant circuit 570 where the piping subsystem is also used on a continual basis. Some exemplary instances of a piping subsystem being used in series with the coolant circuit 570 includes, but is not limited to a heating system for a hot water system in a residential space, storing heat from the fluid coolant 800 in a thermal energy storage system, and charging a battery by converting heat from the fluid coolant 800 into electricity (e.g., using a thermoelectric device).

FIG. 9A shows an exemplary hydronics system 501 that may be used in connection with a coolant circuit 570 as well as in other implementations of a controlled agricultural environment where one or more lighting fixtures 1000 are used. As shown, the hydronics system 501 may include a fluid storage tank 500 to store fluid coolant 800, which may be disposed internally or externally to the controlled agricultural environment. In some implementations, the fluid storage tank 500 may include separate compartments for relatively cooler fluid coolant 800 and relatively hotter fluid coolant 800 with sufficient thermal insulation to substantially thermally isolate the compartments from one another and the surrounding environment. The fluid storage tank 500 may also be dimensioned to have a sufficiently large storage capacity such that the thermal time constant of the fluid storage tank 500 meets a desired rate of change in temperature during operation. For example, it may be desirable for the temperature of the fluid coolant 800 stored in the fluid storage tank 500 to remain substantially unchanged (e.g., 1 ° C. per hour) throughout the day to reduce fluctuations in the amount of heat supplied to various piping subsystems. However, if adjustments to the fluid coolant 800 temperature are desired, the amount of time needed for the adjustments to occur may be prohibitive due to the long thermal time constant. In such instances, multiple fluid storage tanks 500, each having a smaller capacity and thus a shorter thermal time constant, may be used instead.

Three submersible pumps 560A, 560B, and 560C may be disposed within the fluid storage tank 500 to pump fluid coolant 800 through three corresponding piping subsystems, namely, a lighting loop 510, a heating loop 512, and a cooling loop 514. The lighting loop 510 associated with the pump 560A is responsible for providing relatively cooler fluid coolant from the fluid storage tank 500 to one or more lighting fixtures 1000 and returning relatively hotter fluid coolant 800 from the one or more lighting fixtures 1000 to the fluid storage tank 500. In this manner, the lighting loop 510 may function as a heat source to heat fluid coolant 800 stored in the fluid storage tank 500 with heat being subsequently distributed to other piping subsystems. In some implementations, the lighting loop 510 may be used to heat at least a portion of the controlled agricultural environment 2000 via natural convection or thermal radiation to regulate and maintain temperature of the portion within a desired temperature envelope.

In some implementations, a secondary heating loop may be incorporated into the lighting loop 510 to more directly and controllably heat a portion of the controlled agricultural environment 2000 that may not be proximate to the lighting loop 510 (e.g., a growing area). For example, the secondary heating loop may include a pump, a fan, and a fan coil. The pump may generate a flow of relatively hotter fluid coolant 800 through the fan coil, thus heating the fan coil. The fan may then generate a flow of hot air, thus heating the portion of the controlled agricultural environment 2000 via forced convection. In another example, the secondary heating loop may be routed through the root zone of the growing area to heat the soil or nutrient solution to a desired temperature via a combination of convection and conduction. The secondary heating loop may include a flow controlling device (e.g., a valve) to control the amount of heat added to the portion of the controlled agricultural environment. For example, the secondary heating loop may be coupled to a thermostat that adjusts the heat added according to a day/night cycle.

The heating loop 512 associated with the pump 560B may also be used to heat a portion of the controlled agricultural environment 2000 or another space located separately to the controlled agricultural environment 2000. For example, the heating loop 512 may be coupled to a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system in a building to regulate the interior climate of the building, a heating system in a manufacturing plant to offset gas or electricity consumption, or a cogeneration plant to produce electricity and high-grade heat. In some implementations, the heating loop 512 may also be coupled to a heat store 530, which may provide additional capacity to store heat for future use by the controlled agricultural environment 2000 or another space.

The cooling loop 514 associated with the pump 560C may be used to cool the fluid coolant 800 stored in the fluid storage tank 500. In this manner, the temperature of the relatively cooler fluid coolant 800 entering the lighting loop 510 may be regulated and maintained, which may reduce the effects of thermal drift over time where the temperature of the relatively cooler fluid coolant 800 increases, thus reducing the amount of heat removed from the one or more lighting fixtures 1000. In some implementations, the cooling loop 514 may be a piping subsystem that captures heat to an exterior environment via natural convection and radiation along the length of the cooling loop 514. In some implementations, a heat rejection device may be incorporated into the cooling loop 514 to facilitate cooling of the fluid coolant 800. Various types of heat rejection devices may be used including, but not limited to cooling towers, evaporative coolers, “free” coolers, chillers, dry coolers, air source coolers, ground source heat exchangers, water source heat exchangers, or any combinations of the foregoing. In some implementations, the cooling loop 514 may also be coupled to a cold store 520, which may provide additional capacity to store relatively cooler fluid coolant 800 for future use by the controlled agricultural environment 2000 or another space.

In various implementations described herein, the temperature of the fluid coolant 800 stored in the fluid storage tank 500 and flowing through the lighting loop 510, heating loop 512, cooling loop 514, and one or more secondary loops coupled to any of the lighting loop 510, heating loop 512, cooling loop 514 may vary within an appreciable temperature range. In some implementations, the temperature of the fluid coolant 800 may range from about 20° C. to about 50° C. The flow rate of the fluid coolant 800 may range from about 1 gallon per minute to about 3 gallons per minute through the lighting loop 510. Similar or significantly different (e.g., higher) flow rates may be used by the heating loop 512 and the cooling loop 514. Furthermore, the coolant circuit and the various piping subsystems (e.g., the lighting loop 510, the heating loop 512, and the coolant loop 514) may be controlled via at least one of a pump, regulator, and/or valves. The at least one of a pump, regulator, and/or valves may be operated on various time cycles (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal, other periodicities, or any combination thereof) to regulate and maintain desired thermal conditions, which may be dynamic as a function of time, in the controlled agricultural environment 2000B.

Additionally, while three piping subsystems are shown in FIG. 9A, it should be appreciated that any number and combination of piping subsystems may be used with the coolant circuit 570. For example, one or both of the heating loop 512 and the cooling loop 514 may be used in conjunction with the lighting loop 510. It should also be appreciated that while three submersible pumps 560A-560C are shown in FIG. 9A, any number of pumps may be used for a particular piping subsystem and the pumps 560A-560C may also be disposed externally to the fluid storage tank 500. The pumps may be various types of pumps including, but not limited to piston pumps, end-suction pumps, diaphragm pumps, gear pumps, lobed pumps, flexible-vane pumps, nutating pumps, peristaltic pumps, centrifugal pumps, diffuser pumps, propeller pumps, and peripheral pumps.

An exemplary implementation of a hydronics system 501 coupled to a lighting fixture 1000 and a coolant circuit 570 in a controlled agricultural environment 2000 is shown in FIG. 9B. The hydronics system 501 may include a fluid storage tank 500 having contained therein a submersible pump 560. The submersible pump 560 is used to pump relatively cooler fluid coolant 800 into a lighting loop 510, where the fluid coolant 800 is then heated as it passes through the lighting fixture 1000. Subsequently, the relatively hotter fluid coolant 800 exits the lighting loop 510 and enters the fluid storage tank 500 for storage. It should be appreciated that so long as the temperature of the fluid coolant 800 stored in the fluid storage tank 500 is less than the temperature of the fluid coolant 800 entering the fluid storage tank 500 from the lighting loop 510, heat generated by the lighting fixture 1000 may be removed. Over time, if the temperature of the fluid coolant 800 increases, the amount of heat that may be removed may decrease due to a smaller temperature difference. Thus, a heat rejection device may need to be incorporated into the hydronics system 501 to regulate the temperature of the fluid coolant 800 stored in the fluid storage tank 500.

The hydronics system 501 shown in FIG. 9B may also include a secondary heating loop 512 coupled to the portion of the lighting loop 510 where relatively hotter fluid coolant 800 heated by the lighting fixture 1000 flows through. As shown, the secondary heating loop 512 may include a pump 704 and an electric fan with a fan coil 702. The pump 704 generates a flow of the relatively hotter fluid coolant 800 through the fan coil, thus heating the fan coil. The electric fan 702 may then blow heated air towards a plurality of plants 900 located below the lighting fixture 1000 to increase the temperature of the growing area as desired. The second heating loop 512 may be controlled using one or more controllable valves to toggle the secondary heating loop 512 and to adjust the temperature of the air blown by the electric fan 702.

Another exemplary implementation of a hydronics system 501 disposed in a controlled agricultural environment 200D is shown in FIG. 9C. As shown, the controlled agricultural environment 200D may have a vertically-stacked multiple-level growing area. Each level of the growing area may include one or more lighting fixtures 1000 coupled to a lighting loop 510. The lighting loop 510 may be coupled to a fluid storage tank 500, which may again contain therein a submersible pump. Similar to the controlled agricultural environment 2000 of FIG. 9B, the hydronics system 501 may include secondary heating loops to separately heat each growing area in each level. The portions of the lighting loop 510 corresponding to each level may be coupled using a plumbing fitting with multiple inlets and outlets. Additionally, the portion of the lighting loop 510 coupled to the fluid storage tank 500 may support a higher flow rate to account for a reduction in flow rate once the fluid coolant 800 flows into each respective level of the growing area.

In some implementations, the lighting fixture 1000 may also function as a sensor platform supporting one or more sensors used to monitor environmental conditions in the controlled agricultural environment. The processor 90 in the lighting fixture 1000 may supply and regulate electrical power to the sensor through the communication ports 1009 (e.g., a USB port and a PoE port). The processor 90 may also include electronics to convert AC power to DC power, as will be described below, thus obviating the need for a separate AC to DC converter in each sensor deployed in the controlled agricultural environment. The processor 90 may also be used to manage data communications, including sending control signals to the sensor and receiving sensory data measured by the sensor for processing and/or transmission to a remote device (e.g., a remote computer or server). In this manner, the lighting fixture 1000 may provide integration of one or more sensors of various types, supplementing the need for separate power and data communications systems. Furthermore, the data measured by the one or more sensors may be used to adjust and control operation of one or more lighting fixtures 1000 (e.g., adjusting the PAR output from the lighting fixture 1000), one or more coolant circuits (e.g., adjusting the fluid flow through the coolant circuit including the lighting loop, hydronics loop, and cooling loops shown in FIG. 9A), one or more fans, one or more dehumidifiers, or one or more air conditioners in the controlled agricultural environment. In some implementations, various environmental conditions are measured and controlled to provide target vapor pressure deficits in the environment.

An exemplary implementation of a controlled agricultural environment 2000 detailing the integration of various sensors via multiple lighting fixtures 1000 is shown in FIG. 10. Similar to FIG. 8B, multiple lighting fixtures 1000 may be mounted to a support structure 999 disposed above a plurality of plants 900 arranged on a shelf 902. The controlled agricultural environment 2000 may include one or more dehumidifiers 65, one or more air conditioners 85, and one or more fans 75. A variety of sensors may be supported by the lighting fixture 1000 including, but not limited to an air temperature sensor 80A, a near infrared (NIR) leaf moisture sensor 80B, a relative humidity sensor 80C, a hyperspectral camera 80D, a carbon dioxide sensor 80E, an infrared (IR) leaf temperature sensor 80F, an airflow sensor 80G, and a root zone temperature sensor 80H. The hyperspectral camera 80D refers to a type of camera that measures light within numerous energy bands (e.g., hundreds) where each band is narrower (e.g., 10 nm) than conventional imaging systems. Finite spectral cameras (also referred to as multispectral cameras) may also be used in the controlled agricultural environment 2000 to measure light using a fewer number of energy bands (e.g. 3 to 10) where each band is broader (e.g., greater than 20 nm). The cameras utilized in the controlled agricultural environment 2000 may measure light across various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum including, but not limited to ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, mid-infrared, and far-infrared wavelengths. The lighting fixture 1000 may also be used to support other auxiliary devices including, but not limited to one or more fans, security cameras, smart phones, and multi-spectral cameras (e.g., to analyze soil moisture and nutrient content). In this manner, various auxiliary devices may be distributed in the controlled agricultural environment due to the flexible placement of communication ports 1009 on the respective lighting fixtures 1000.

The processor 90 may be used to facilitate multiple functionalities pertinent to the operation of the lighting fixture 1000 including, but not limited to power conversion, network connectivity, and data processing in the operation of the lighting fixture 1000. In some implementations, the processor 90 may be comprised of discrete electronics assemblies that are electrically coupled together where each electronics assembly provides one or more distinct functionalities. For example, FIG. 11A shows a block diagram detailing various electronic components and circuitry in the processor 90 to meet these functionalities according to one inventive implementation. The processor 90 may include a control board 100, a network board 200, and a single board computer 300.

The control board 100 may be used to regulate and distribute electrical power to other components of the lighting fixture 1000. As shown in FIG. 11A, the control board 100 may receive AC power through an electrical power port 1010 and convert the AC power to DC power. The control board 100 may then supply DC power and other control signals to other electronics in the lighting fixture 400. For example, the control board 100 may be directly coupled to multiple LED modules 400A, 400B, and 400C via ports/connectors 104A, 104B, and 104C, respectively, on the control board 100. The control board 100 may also be coupled to the network board 200, providing both electrical power and control signals to the network board 200. The control board 100 may also include onboard memory, in which digital signal processing (DSP) firmware 152 is stored to facilitate generation of control signals as described below.

A more detailed block diagram of the control board 100 in FIG. 11A is shown in FIG. 11B. The control board 100 may include a fuse/electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter 153 to provide safety and reduce noise input into the lighting fixture 1000. A rectifier 154 may be used to convert AC power to DC power. An AC line sensor 155 may be used to monitor the voltage and current of the DC power input. DC power may then be passed directly to a bias and control power supply 156, which may be used to distribute DC power to other components of the lighting fixture 1000 including the network board 200 and a digital signal processor (DSP) 150. A DC-DC converter 158 may also be included to supply different voltage inputs to the network board 200. For example, the bias and control power supply 156 may supply 48 V and 5 V to power different circuitry on the network board 200 and the single board computer 300. The 5 V input may be down converted from the 48 V line via the DC-DC converter 158. The DSP 150 may provide control signals by executing the firmware 152 described above to various components including the network board 200, via one or more communications isolators 160. The DSP 150 may also provide control signals to one or more boost converters 162A, 162B, and 162C, which may be used to regulate electricity supplied to the corresponding LED modules 400A-400C via ports 104A-104C. The boost converters 162A-162C may receive DC power directly once converted from AC power via the rectifier 154. The DSP 150 may receive power from the bias and control power supply 156, a voltage and current measurement from the AC line sensor 155, and thermal sensor inputs via the thermal sensor ports 154, which may be used to monitor the temperature of the LED modules 400A-400C.

The network board 200 may be used to manage data communication between the lighting fixture 1000 and various devices coupled to the lighting fixture 1000 including, but not limited to other lighting fixtures 1000 and one or more auxiliary sensors coupled to the lighting fixture 1000. As shown in FIG. 11A, in some implementations, the network board 200 may control one or more PoE ports 1008A, 1008B, 1008C, and 1008D of the lighting fixture 1000. The network board 200 may receive electrical power and control signals from the control board 100 via a control board port 102. The network board 200 may also supply electrical power and control signals to the single board computer 300 via a single board computer port 202. The network board 200 may also support a dedicated Ethernet cable connection 212 through an Ethernet port 213 between the network board 200 and the single board computer 300 to manage data transfer through the PoE ports 1008A-1008D.

A more detailed block diagram of the network board 200 in FIG. 11A is shown in FIG. 11C. The control board port 102 may be used to supply electrical power at different voltages, e.g., 48 V and 5 V, to a PoE controller 206, a power supply 208, and a fan controller and port 210. The control board port 102 may also directly relay control signals from the control board 100 to the single board computer 300 via the single board computer port 202. In some implementations, the control board port 102 may be arranged as a piggyback board to the network board 200. The PoE controller 206 may be used to regulate and supply electrical power to the PoE ports 1008A-1008D. The power supply 208 may supply electrical power to the single board computer 300, through the single board computer port 202, and to an Ethernet switch 204. The Ethernet switch 204 is communicatively coupled to the PoE ports 1008A-1008D and to the single board computer 300 via the Ethernet port 213, which supports the dedicated Ethernet cable connection 212. The Ethernet switch 204 may be used to facilitate receipt and transmission of data and/or control signals to and from the PoE ports 1008A-1008D.

The single board computer 300 may provide several functions to the processor 90 including, but not limited to managing the operation of the control board 100 and the network board 200 and data processing. As shown in FIG. 11A, the single board computer 300 may also be used to support the functionality of USB ports 1012A and 1012B on the lighting fixture 1000. The single board computer 300 may include a memory card 350 that contains (has stored thereon) various data and computer executable code 352 including, but not limited to, session border controller (SBC) software, an operating system, web server software and other web server assets.

The processor 90 may be used to manage the voltage and current supplied to various components of the lighting fixture 1000, e.g., a power cable, the LED modules 400A-400C, in order to reduce the likelihood of damage under different operating conditions. For example, the lighting fixture 1000 may be operated under low voltage conditions where 1200 W may be supplied to the LED modules 400A-400C and 65 W for auxiliary sensors. The power cable used to supply electricity to the lighting fixture 1000 from an external source, e.g., a building electrical supply system, may be rated to sustain a current up to 15 A. The processor 90 may be used to limit the current through the lighting fixture 1000 to 5 A such that three lighting fixtures 400A-400C may be powered by a single power cable 1030. If the current draw of the lighting fixture 1000 approaches 5 A, the processor 90 may reduce the power draw of the lighting fixture. In this manner, the three lighting fixtures 400A-400C may collectively avoid a total current draw that exceeds 15 A, thus reducing the likelihood of damaging the power cable.

In some implementations, the processor 90 may enforce a current draw limit using an active feedback control loop. For instance, the DSP 150 of the control board 100 may be used to actively measure the voltage and current supplied to the lighting fixture 1000 via the AC line sensor 155. Depending on the magnitude and/or rate of change of the measured voltage and current, the DSP 150 may then adjust the voltage and current supplied to each of the LED modules 400A-400C such that the current drawn by the lighting fixture 1000 is maintained below the current draw limit. This process may be conducted in an iterative manner where measurements of the voltage and current supplied to the lighting fixture 1000 and subsequent adjustments to the voltage and current supplied to the LED modules 400A-400C repeatedly occur at a preset timescale. The timescale may vary from about 1 ms to about 60 s. The amount the voltage and current are varied during each increment may also vary according to the rate of change of the voltage and current supplied to the lighting fixture 1000. In some implementations, the stability of the active feedback control loop may be controlled by incorporating a proportional integral differential (PID) controller into the processor 90.

FIGS. 12A-12D, 13, 14A-14H show circuit diagrams of various electrical components of a processor 90 according to one implementation. FIG. 12A shows a circuit diagram of an Ethernet switch 204 from a network board 200 and the electrical connections to PoE ports 1008A-1008D and an Ethernet port 213 for communication to a single board computer 300. FIG. 12A also shows a circuit diagram of a power supply 208 from the network board 200. For visual clarity, FIGS. 12B and 12C show expanded views of the Ethernet switch 204 and the PoE port 1008D from FIG. 12A, respectively. FIG. 12D shows a circuit diagram of a PoE controller 206 from the network board 200. FIG. 13 shows a circuit diagram of a single board computer 300 detailing various input and output connections. FIG. 14A shows circuit diagrams for an electrical power port 1010, fuse/EMI filter 153, a rectifier 154, and a first portion of a bias and control power supply 156 from a control board 100. FIG. 14B shows a second portion of the bias and control power supply 156 shown in FIG. 14A. FIGS. 14C-14F show a DC-DC converter 158, an AC line sensor 155, a DSP 150, and thermal sensor ports 154 from the control board 100. FIGS. 14G and 14H show circuit diagrams of an exemplary boost circuit 162A from the control board 100.

The lighting fixture 1000 disclosed herein may also be utilized in a leased lighting system where a customer pays a recurring fee to rent and operate the lighting fixture 1000 (e.g., provide lighting using the lighting fixture 1000). In this system, the costs typically associated with purchasing the lighting fixture 1000 hardware and installation may be substantially reduced, thus providing substantial savings to the customer. The manufacturer providing the operation of the lighting fixture 1000 may earn a profit over time through continuing payments by the customer. In some implementations, the leased lighting system may be based on payment of a fee to operate the lighting fixture 1000 for a preset period of time. The lighting fixture 1000 may be communicatively coupled to a server via the processor 90. The server may remotely regulate operation of the lighting fixture, enabling the lighting fixture 1000 to provide lighting so long as the customer provides necessary payment to maintain the lease.

An exemplary implementation of a contract enforcement method where the lighting fixture 1000 is communicatively coupled to a license server 600 is shown in FIG. 15A. As shown, the license server 600 may include a database 602 containing information including, but not limited to a serial number for one or more lighting fixtures 1000 installed by a customer and a customer status (e.g., a payment status) for the customer to which the one or more lighting fixtures 1000 are leased. The database may also include a pre-shared key 604, which is also installed onto each lighting fixture 1000, e.g., such as in protected internal storage of the DSP 150 of the lighting fixture 1000, by the manufacturer, together with a timer, prior to shipment to the customer. Upon initial payment by the customer, the manufacturer may setup an initial timer update in the database 1000 to provide for some time period for initial lighting, after which an additional lease payment is required. Once the lighting fixture 1000 is deployed to the customer, the expiration of the timer may trigger a license update process. Once the additional lease payment is made, the manufacturer operating the license server 600 may update the database 602 with a new timer value, which is communicated to the lighting fixture 1000. Communication may occur via a proprietary communication protocol.

An exemplary implementation of a process to update a license for a leased lighting model with one or more lighting fixtures 1000 is shown in FIG. 15B. In this exemplary process, the DSP 150 and the single board computer 300 of the processor 90 may be coupled to the license server 600 and database 602 via the Internet to facilitate operation by the manufacturer of the one or more lighting fixtures 1000 or a leasing agent. As described above, the pre-shared key 604 and license timer may be stored in the protected internal storage of the DSP 150 by the manufacturer together with the serial number of the lighting fixture 1000. The single board computer 300 may periodically check the status of the license timer. Once the license timer is near expiration, the single board computer 300 may initiate with the DSP 150 a license update request. This request may include a “challenge packet” generated by the DSP 150, which is forwarded by the single board computer 300 to the license server 600. The challenge packet may include encrypted information based, at least in part, on the serial number of the lighting fixture 1000 and a temporary random key generated using a noise accumulator. The challenge packet may then be decrypted by the license server 600. If the challenge packet is found to be valid and payment is made for additional lighting, the license server 600 may then determine a new allowed timer value. The new allowed timer value may then be encrypted and sent back to the single board computer 300, which passes the encrypted timer value to the DSP 150. The DSP 150 may then decrypt the new timer value based on the pre-shared key 604. If the new timer value is found to be valid, the DSP 150 may update the license timer stored in the protected internal storage of the DSP 150.

An Exemplary Integrated Sensor Assembly

Based on the various concepts described above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, various inventive implementations of an integrated sensor assembly for CEA systems will now be described. As described in the foregoing, sensors can be deployed in a controlled agricultural environment to monitor environmental conditions and to provide feedback to lighting, heating and/or cooling (e.g., via hydronics and/or other techniques), air flow, and humidity conditioning systems to facilitate control of growth conditions for plants. In some implementations, the sensors can be packaged as a single integrated assembly that utilizes a single port to receive electrical power and communicate data. In this manner, multiple sensing modalities can be added to CEA systems to augment monitoring of environmental conditions to improve the growth conditions of plants while simplifying installation and reducing maintenance. Furthermore, multiple integrated sensor assemblies can be deployed to cover larger areas of the agricultural environment to also monitor variations in growth conditions across the agricultural environment.

An exemplary implementation of an integrated sensor assembly 3100 is shown in FIG. 16A and 16B. The assembly 3100 includes multiple sensors to monitor various parameters relevant to the growth of plants, such as a visible light sensor 3110, a combined temperature and relative humidity sensor 3120, an air flow sensor 3130, a CO2 sensor 3140, and an IR temperature sensor 3150. The sensors can be mounted on a circuit board 3160, which can also include a USB port 3170 to provide electrical power and communication between the integrated sensor assembly 3100 and an external power and control system (e.g., a lighting fixture 1000 as described above). A housing 3180 can be used to protect the sensors and circuitry disposed on the circuit board 3160. As shown in FIG. 16C, the circuit board 3160 can be positioned inside a cavity defined by a housing top 3181 and a housing bottom 3182, which are assembled using a plurality of coupling members 3190. In some implementations, the housing top 3181 can include an open aperture 3183, as shown in FIG. 16D, which can be covered by a lens 3184 to allow light to transmit through the housing for detection by the visible light sensor 3110 while protecting the sensors and circuitry contained within the housing.

The visible light sensor 3110 can be used to monitor light emitted by natural or artificial light sources, e.g., sunlight or LED lighting, incident on plants in the agricultural environment. In particular, the visible light sensor 3110 can be configured to measure the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), which is a measure of photon flux per unit area integrated over a wavelength spectrum. The visible light sensor 3110 can be various suitable types of light detectors including, but not limited to, photodiodes, thermopiles, and pyroelectric detectors. In some implementations, the visible light sensor 3110 can be configured to be spectrally sensitive to PAR light in the visible spectrum and ultraviolet radiation, e.g., UVA and UVB ranges, using filters, coatings, or different materials for detection. In other implementations, the visible light sensor 3110 can be configured to be a spectrometer to characterize the spectral components of the light source. As shown in FIG. 16E, the visible light sensor 3110 can be positioned near the top of the integrated sensor assembly 3100 and oriented to face a light source for detection. The visible light sensor 3110 can also be configured to detect light across a range of viewing angles, e.g., from normal incidence at 0 degrees to oblique incidence up to 80 degrees, as shown in FIG. 16F, in cases where the light source can illuminate plants at different angles of incidence, e.g., variations in sunlight during the day. Two examples of a light sensor 3110 is given by a Vishay VEML6075 and VEML7700.

The combined temperature and relative humidity sensor 3120 can be used to monitor the temperature and water vapor concentration in the growing environment. The temperature sensing element in the combined temperature and relative humidity sensor 3120 can be various suitable types of temperature sensors including, but not limited to, a thermocouple, a thermistor, and a resistance temperature detector (RTD). The relative humidity sensing element can be various suitable types of humidity sensor including, but not limited to, capacitive, resistive, or thermal sensors. Examples of a combined temperature and relative humidity sensor 3120 are given by a Texas Instruments HDC1010YPAR and a Sensiron SHT31. As shown in FIG. 16D, the combined temperature and relative humidity sensor 3120 can be positioned on a protruding member of the circuit board 3160 such that the sensing elements are exposed to air surrounding the integrated sensor assembly 3100. In some implementations, the housing near the combined temperature and relative humidity sensor 3120 and other sensing elements in the integrated sensor assembly 3100 can be configured such that measurements of the temperature and relative humidity are not significantly influenced by the integrated sensor assembly 3100. For example, the housing can include a plurality of openings to facilitate air flow and the combined temperature and relative humidity sensor 3120 can be positioned relatively far from heat sources near the integrated sensor assembly 3100, e.g., heat dissipated by a lighting fixture.

The air flow sensor 3130 can monitor air circulation, which can provide insight to the directionality of air flow, uniformity of temperature, detection of leaks, and the performance of air flow and ventilation systems deployed in the agricultural environment. The air flow sensor 3130 can be various suitable types of air flow sensors including, but not limited to, air flow meters, hot wire anemometers, and sonic anemometers. One example of an air flow sensor 3130 is given by a TDK Thermistor 470 NTC 0402 with accompanying resistors, capacitors, and operational amplifiers. As shown in FIG. 16D, the air flow sensor 3130 can be positioned on a protruding member of the circuit board 3160 such that the sensor is exposed to air surrounding the integrated sensor assembly 3100. In some implementations, the housing near the air flow sensor 3130 and other sensing elements in the integrated sensor assembly 3100 can be configured to reduce disruptions in air flow near the air flow sensor 3130 to enable more accurate measurements of air flow. For example, the housing can include a plurality of openings to allow air to freely flow across the air flow sensor 3130.

In agricultural environments, the concentration of CO2 is an important parameter governing the growth of plants since plants absorb CO2 during photosynthesis. Furthermore, the photosynthetic activity of plants can vary throughout the day; hence, the amount of absorbed CO2 can also vary accordingly. The CO2 sensor 3140 can thus be used to monitor the concentration of CO2 near the plants in the agricultural environment. The CO2 sensor 3140 can be various suitable types of CO2 sensors including, but not limited to, non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors and chemical CO2 sensors. One example of a CO2 sensor 3140 is given by a Winsensor MH-Z19. In some implementations, the CO2 sensor 3140 can be an enclosed device electrically coupled to the circuit board 3160 for operation, as shown in FIG. 16C. Furthermore, the CO2 sensor 3140 can be positioned on the bottom of the integrated sensor assembly 3100 such that the sensing elements of the CO2 sensor 3140 are oriented towards the plants. Such configurations can be preferable to increase air flow across the CO2 sensor 3140 since convective currents near the plants can drive air upwards towards the bottom of the integrated sensor assembly 3100. In some implementations, the CO2 sensor 3140 can further protrude through the housing bottom 3182 to reduce obstructions to air flow and thus provide more accurate measurements of CO2 concentrations.

As described above, the combined temperature and relative humidity sensor 3120 can monitor the air temperature near the plants, which is an important parameter governing plant growth. In addition, it is also instructive to monitor the surface temperature of the plants, as the surface temperature of the plants may differ due to irradiation by light and convective heat transfer from the plant to the surrounding air. The IR temperature sensor 3150 can thus be used to remotely monitor the temperature of plants near the integrated sensor assembly 3100 by measuring IR radiation emitted from the plants. In some implementations, the IR temperature sensor 3150 can be a single pixel sensor that measures an average temperature within a particular field of view. In other implementations, the IR temperature sensor 3150 can be a multi-pixel camera capable of recording IR images to discern temperature gradients within a single plant or between neighboring plants. The IR temperature sensor 3150 can be various suitable types of IR sensors including, but not limited to, pyroelectric detectors and bolometers. Furthermore, the IR temperature sensor 3150 can be configured to be spectrally sensitive to long wavelength infrared (LWIR) radiation, mid-infrared (MIR) radiation, or near-infrared (NIR) radiation. In some implementations, the IR temperature sensor 3150 can be configured to be a spectrometer, e.g., a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, to characterize the spectral components of the radiation emitted by the plants. The IR temperature sensor 3150 can be configured to have a wide field of view to cover a larger area of plants. For implementations where the IR temperature sensor 3150 is a multi-pixel camera, the IR temperature sensor 3150 can also be configured to record images at sufficient spatial resolution to discern the temperature of individual leaves on a plant. One example of an IR temperature sensor 3150 is given by Melexis MLX90614.

The circuit board 3160 can include one or more printed circuit boards supporting circuitry and electrical components used in the operation of the respective sensor components discussed above. One inventive implementation of the circuitry supported by the circuit board 3160 is shown in FIG. 17A and 17B. In some implementations, the circuit board 3160 can include multiple single sided circuit boards for sensors positioned on the top and the bottom of the integrated sensor assembly 3100, respectively. In other implementations, the circuit board 3160 can be a double sided circuit board. In some implementations, the circuit board 3160 can also include open ports for additional sensors, as shown in FIG. 17A and 17B. Some examples of additional sensors can include gas sensors configured to detect pollutants in the air, pH sensors to monitor soil quality, and a hyperspectral camera.

As described above, the housing 3180 may be used to protect the sensors and circuitry disposed on the circuit board 3160 contained within the cavity defined by the housing 3180. In some implementations, the housing 3180 may be a two piece construction with a housing top 3181 and a housing bottom 3182 that forms an interior cavity where the circuit board 3160 can be positioned. The housing top 3181 and the housing bottom 3182 may be mated together with coupling members 3190, as shown in FIG. 16C and 16D. The coupling members 3190 can be various suitable types of coupling components including, but not limited to, screw fasteners, clips, pins, snap-fits, and pegs with corresponding holes in the housing 3180. The housing 3180 can include one or more openings and apertures to allow various sensors to detect surrounding environmental conditions without significant obstruction. For example, the housing top 3181 can have a relatively large opening 3183 to allow passage of light at relatively large oblique angles of incidence for detection by the visible light sensor 3110. To ensure the visible light sensor 3110 and the circuit board 3160 are protected, a transparent lens 3184 can be coupled to the top of the housing top 3181, as shown in FIG. 16C. The lens can be made of material transparent to PAR light or UV radiation, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), silica, magnesium fluoride, or calcium fluoride.

The housing 3180 may also include one or more protruding portions in both the housing top 3181 and the housing bottom 3182 to support and/or house the various connectors and sensors in the integrated sensor assembly 3100. As an example, FIGS. 16C and 16D show the housing top 3181 may include a first top protruding portion 3187A and the housing bottom 3182 may include a first bottom protruding portion 3187B that couple to one another to form a first protruding portion that partially surrounds the USB port 3170. The housing top 3181 may also include a second top protruding portion 3185A and the housing bottom 3182 may similarly include a second bottom protruding portion 3185B to form a second protruding portion on an opposite side of the housing 3180 from the first protruding portion with a cavity that contains therein the air flow sensor 3130. The housing top 3181 may also include a third top protruding portion 3186A and the housing bottom 3182 may also include a third bottom protruding portion 3186B to form a third protruding portion adjacent to the second protruding portion with a cavity that contains therein the combined temperature and relative humidity sensor 3120.

In some implementations, the housing 3180 can also be configured to be water tight or air tight to reduce potential failures caused by moisture accumulation in electronic components or circuitry. To ensure the cavity of the housing 3180 is tightly sealed, gaskets can be used to seal each opening or aperture in the housing 3180, particularly openings where sensors protrude from the housing 3180 to expose the sensors to air surrounding the integrated assembly 3100. The housing 3180 can be formed from metals, polymers, metal alloys, ceramics, and/or other materials. Depending on the materials used to form the housing 3180, various manufacturing methods can be used to fabricate the housing 3180 including injection molding, blow molding, casting, or milling. In some implementations, the housing can be coated with materials to reduce moisture infiltration, e.g., hydrophobic coatings, to increase the operating lifetime of the integrated sensor assembly 3100.

In some implementations, the integrated sensor assembly 3100 can also include a USB port 3170 to facilitate connection to an external system, such as a LED-based lighting fixture 1000 as described above. The USB port 3170 can both supply electrical power to the integrated sensor assembly 3100 and facilitate data communication between the integrated sensor assembly 3100 and a control system operably coupled to the external system, e.g., the lighting fixture 1000. In some implementations, the integrated sensor assembly 3100 can be configured to be a “plug and play” device for ease of installation. For example, the integrated sensor assembly 3100 can be plugged into a LED-based lighting fixture, wherein the integrated sensor assembly 3100 is automatically recognized by the control system for the LED-based lighting fixture. Once the integrated sensor assembly 3100 is identified, the control system can begin receiving data recorded by the integrated sensor assembly 3100, which can then be processed and used in a feedback loop to adjust one or more of lighting, heating and/or cooling (e.g., via hydronics and/or other techniques), air flow, and humidity conditioning systems in the agricultural environment.

FIG. 18 illustrates an integrated sensor assembly coupled to a downward or bottom USB port 1012B of the lighting fixture 1000 shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B via one or more USB couplers/extenders, according to some implementations of the disclosure. In one implementation, the USB port 3170 of the sensor assembly 3100 may be plugged directly into the lighting fixture USB port 1012B. In other implementations, it may be desirable to position the sensor assembly 3100 essentially on the same level or proximate to a downward face of the lighting fixture 1000, but generally out of the path of illumination provided by the lighting fixture 1000. To this end, one or more “gooseneck-type” flexible USB extenders 3202, and/or one or more adjustable-angle USB extenders 3204, may be employed to communicatively couple and adjustably position the sensor assembly 3100 to the lighting fixture 1000. While a gooseneck-type and an adjustable angle-type USB extender are shown in FIG. 18, it should be appreciated that various other types of USB extenders, including cables, may be employed alone or together with other types of USB extenders to couple the sensor assembly to the lighting fixture 1000.

To this end, FIG. 19 illustrates an integrated sensor assembly 3100 coupled to a side or end USB port 1012A of the lighting fixture 1000 shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B via one or more cable-type USB couplers/extenders, according to some implementations of the disclosure. In FIG. 19, the sensor assembly may be coupled to one end of a USB cable extender 3206, and the other end of the cable extender 3206 may be coupled to the USB port 1012A of the lighting fixture. Various lengths of cable extenders may be employed for the extender 3206 so as to position the sensor assembly 3100 at different distances below the lighting fixture 1000. The cable extender 3206 may be used alone, or together with one or more other cable extenders, one or more gooseneck-type extenders 3202, one or more adjustable angle-type extenders 3204, one or more other types of extenders, or combinations of the foregoing. As noted above in connection with FIG. 18, different lengths of cable extenders 3206 may be employed to couple the sensor assembly 3100 to the downward or bottom USB port 1012B as well; likewise, one or both of the gooseneck-type extender 3202, the adjustable angle-type extender 3204, or yet another type of USB extender, without a cable-type extended 3206, may be employed to couple the sensor assembly 3100 to the side or end USB port 1012A of the lighting fixture 1000.

In some implementations, once the integrated sensor assembly 3100 interfaces with an external system, the external system can control how frequently measurements are taken by each sensor in the integrated sensor assembly 3100. Sensor measurements can be recorded simultaneously or at different time intervals. For example, the integrated sensor assembly 3100 can be configured to measure the air flow every second, the PPFD every minute, and the CO2 concentration every hour.

In some implementations, multiple integrated sensor assemblies 3100 can be installed as an array to monitor larger areas of the controlled agricultural environment. For example, controlled agricultural environments can include multiple LED-based lighting fixtures where each lighting fixture supports multiple integrated sensor assemblies 3100. Each integrated sensor assembly 3100 in the array can be used to locally monitor growth conditions for a single or small group of plants, as described above in connection with FIG. 10. Additionally, analysis of sensor data from multiple integrated sensor assemblies 3100 can be used to determine variations in growth conditions, such as temperature, air flow, or lighting, across an entire agricultural environment. Based on this aggregate data, adjustments can be made to one or more of the lighting, heating and/or cooling (e.g., via hydronics and/or other techniques), air flow, and humidity conditioning systems to foster improved growth conditions over larger areas in the agricultural environment. In some implementations, each integrated sensor assembly 3100 can include an identification number, e.g., vendor identification (VID) or product identification (PID), which can be used to determine the location of each sensor assembly in the array.

Conclusion

All parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. It is to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented primarily by way of example and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein.

In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of respective elements of the exemplary implementations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The use of a numerical range does not preclude equivalents that fall outside the range that fulfill the same function, in the same way, to produce the same result.

Also, various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which at least one example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may in some instances be ordered in different ways. Accordingly, in some inventive implementations, respective acts of a given method may be performed in an order different than specifically illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously (even if such acts are shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments).

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of” “only one of” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03. 

1. (canceled)
 2. A lighting fixture, comprising: an aluminum housing; at least one light source mechanically supported by the aluminum housing; at least one copper pipe thermally coupled to the aluminum housing to carry a fluid coolant, wherein during operation of the lighting fixture the fluid coolant flowing through the at least one copper pipe extracts heat generated by the lighting fixture; a plurality of Power over Ethernet (PoE) ports; at least one Universal Serial Bus (USB) port; and at least one integrated sensor assembly coupled to at least one of the plurality of PoE ports or the at least one USB port, the integrated sensor assembly comprising a plurality of sensors including: an air temperature sensor; a visible light sensor; a near infrared (NIR) sensor; a relative humidity sensor; a camera; a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor; and/or an infrared (IR) sensor, wherein the at least one integrated sensor assembly is coupled to the at least one of the plurality of PoE ports or the at least one USB port of the lighting fixture via at least one extender.
 3. The lighting fixture of claim 2, wherein the at least one extender includes at least one cable.
 4. The lighting fixture of claim 2, wherein the at least one extender includes at least one gooseneck flexible extender.
 5. The lighting fixture of claim 2, wherein the at least one extender includes at least one adjustable-angle extender.
 6. The lighting fixture of claim 2, wherein the at least one integrated sensor assembly is coupled to the at least one USB port of the lighting fixture via at least one USB extender.
 7. The lighting fixture of claim 6, wherein the at least one USB extender includes at least one USB cable.
 8. The lighting fixture of claim 7, wherein the at least one USB extender further includes at least one adjustable-angle extender coupled to the at least one USB cable and the at least one integrated sensor.
 9. The lighting fixture of claim 6, wherein the at least one USB extender includes at least one flexible USB extender.
 10. The lighting fixture of claim 6, wherein the at least one USB extender includes at least one adjustable-angle extender.
 11. A lighting fixture, comprising: an aluminum housing; at least one light source mechanically supported by the aluminum housing; at least one copper pipe thermally coupled to the aluminum housing to carry a fluid coolant, wherein during operation of the lighting fixture the fluid coolant flowing through the at least one copper pipe extracts heat generated by the lighting fixture; a plurality of Power over Ethernet (PoE) ports; at least one Universal Serial Bus (USB) port; and at least one integrated sensor assembly coupled to at least one of the plurality of PoE ports or the at least one USB port, the integrated sensor assembly comprising a plurality of sensors including: an air temperature sensor; a visible light sensor; a near infrared (NIR) sensor; a relative humidity sensor; a camera; a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor; and/or an infrared (IR) sensor, wherein the at least one integrated sensor assembly comprises: a multiple-piece housing comprising: a housing bottom; a housing top coupled to the housing bottom, the housing top including an aperture; and a lens coupled to the housing top to cover the aperture.
 12. The lighting fixture of claim 11, wherein: the at least one integrated sensor assembly further comprises a single circuit board disposed in the multiple-piece housing; the circuit board has a top side facing the lens and a bottom side facing the housing bottom; and at least two of the plurality of sensors respectively are disposed on the top side and the bottom side of the circuit board.
 13. The lighting fixture of claim 12, wherein the circuit board comprises: the visible light sensor disposed on the top side of the circuit board; the carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board; and the infrared (IR) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board.
 14. The lighting fixture of claim 12, wherein the at least one integrated sensor assembly is coupled to the lighting fixture via the at least one USB port, and wherein the circuit board further comprises: a sensor USB port; an air flow sensor disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board; and a temperature and RH sensor disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board.
 15. The lighting fixture of claim 14, wherein: the housing bottom of the at least one integrated sensor assembly includes a bottom aperture; and the CO2 sensor is exposed through the bottom aperture of the housing bottom.
 16. The lighting fixture of claim 14, wherein: the housing bottom of the at least one integrated sensor assembly includes a bottom aperture; and the IR temperature sensor is exposed through the bottom aperture of the housing bottom.
 17. The lighting fixture of claim 14, wherein: the housing bottom of the at least one integrated sensor assembly includes a first aperture and a second aperture; the CO2 sensor is exposed through the first aperture of the housing bottom; and the IR temperature sensor is exposed through the second aperture of the housing bottom.
 18. The lighting fixture of claim 14, wherein each of the housing bottom and housing top of the at least one integrated sensor assembly comprises: a first protruding portion on a first side of the multiple-piece housing to partially surround the USB port; a second protruding portion on a second side of the multiple-piece housing, opposite the first side of the multiple-piece housing, to contain the air flow sensor; and a third protruding portion on the second side of the multiple-piece housing, adjacent the second protruding portion, to contain the combined temperature and relative humidity sensor.
 19. The lighting fixture of claim 18, wherein the air flow sensor is disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the second protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing.
 20. The lighting fixture of claim 19, wherein the temperature and RH sensor is disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the third protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing.
 21. The lighting fixture of claim 18, wherein the temperature and RH sensor is disposed on a protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the third protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing.
 22. The lighting fixture of claim 2, wherein the integrated sensor assembly further comprises at least one of an air pollution sensor, a pH sensor, or a hyperspectral camera.
 23. A system, comprising: A) at least one fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture, comprising: an aluminum frame including at least a first channel, a second channel, and at least one enclosed cavity formed therein, the aluminum frame further including a fin protruding from the frame and having a plurality of holes to facilitate mechanical coupling of the lighting fixture to at least one support structure; at least one LED light source mechanically supported by the aluminum frame; a first copper pipe to carry a fluid coolant to extract heat generated by at least the at least one LED light source during operation of the lighting fixture, wherein the first copper pipe is press-fit into the first channel of the aluminum frame so as to establish a first thermal connection between the first copper pipe and the aluminum frame; a second copper pipe to carry the fluid coolant, wherein the second copper pipe is press-fit into the second channel of the aluminum frame so as to establish a second thermal connection between the second copper pipe and the aluminum frame; control circuity, disposed in the at least one enclosed cavity of the aluminum frame, to receive AC power and to control the at least one LED light source; and a plurality of ports, electrically coupled to at least some of the control circuitry, to provide DC power to at least one auxiliary device coupled to at least one of the plurality of ports; B) at least one fluid coolant circuit mechanically coupled to the first copper pipe and the second copper pipe of the at least one fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture; C) a building structure in which the system is disposed, wherein: the at least one fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture includes a plurality of lighting fixtures; and the copper pipes of respective lighting fixtures of the plurality of lighting fixtures are mechanically coupled together by a plurality of push-to-connect fittings so as to form at least a portion of the fluid coolant circuit; D) at least one support structure arranged in the building structure for supporting the plurality of lighting fixtures, wherein respective lighting fixtures are mechanically coupled to the at least one support structure via corresponding fins of the respective lighting fixtures; E) at least one shelving structure to support a plurality of plants, the at least one shelving structure arranged in the building structure with respect to the at least one support structure to facilitate irradiation of the plurality of plants by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) provided by the plurality of lighting fixtures; and F) at least one integrated sensor assembly coupled to at least a first port of the plurality of ports of the at least one fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture in A), the at least one integrated sensor assembly comprising a plurality of sensors to sense a plurality of conditions relating to the plurality of plants supported by the at least one shelving structure in E).
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the system does not include an air conditioner comprising an air conditioning condenser, an air conditioning compressor, and/or an air conditioning coil.
 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the at least one integrated sensor assembly comprises: a multiple-piece housing comprising: a housing bottom; a housing top coupled to the housing bottom, the housing top including an aperture; and a lens coupled to the housing top to cover the aperture.
 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the plurality of sensors of the at least one integrated assembly comprises: an air temperature sensor; a visible light sensor; a near infrared (NIR) sensor; a relative humidity sensor; a camera; a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor; and/or an infrared (IR) sensor.
 27. The system of claim 26, wherein: the at least one integrated sensor assembly comprises a single circuit board; the circuit board has a top side and a bottom side; and at least two of the plurality of sensors respectively are disposed on the top side and the bottom side of the circuit board.
 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the circuit board comprises: the visible light sensor disposed on the top side of the circuit board; the carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board; and the infrared (IR) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board.
 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the circuit board further comprises: an air flow sensor disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board; and a temperature and RH sensor disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board.
 30. The system of claim 26, wherein the integrated sensor assembly further comprises at least one of an air pollution sensor, a pH sensor, or a hyperspectral camera.
 31. (canceled)
 32. The method of claim 31 A method for controlling an agricultural environment, the method comprising: A) flowing a fluid coolant in a coolant circuit, wherein the coolant circuit comprises: at least one LED-based lighting fixture from which the fluid coolant extracts fixture-generated heat as the fluid coolant flows in the coolant circuit through the at least one LED-based lighting fixture, and at least one hydronics loop, coupled to the at least one LED-based lighting fixture, to facilitate temperature regulation in at least a portion of the agricultural environment B) irradiating a plurality of plants with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) output by at least one LED-based lighting fixture; and C) sensing a plurality of conditions in the agricultural environment via at least one integrated sensor assembly communicatively coupled to the at least one LED-based lighting fixture, wherein in C), the at least one integrated sensor assembly includes: an air temperature sensor; a visible light sensor; a near infrared (NIR) sensor; a relative humidity sensor; a camera; a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor; and/or an infrared (IR) sensor, further comprising: D) controlling at least one of 1) the PAR output by the at least one LED lighting fixture and 2) a flow of the fluid coolant in at least one of the at least one LED lighting fixture and the hydronics loop, based at least in part on the plurality of conditions sensed in C) by the at least one integrated sensor assembly.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein in C), the at least one integrated sensor assembly is coupled to the at least one LED-based lighting fixture via at least one extender, wherein the at least one extender includes: at least one cable; at least one gooseneck flexible extender; and/or at least one adjustable-angle extender.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the at least one integrated sensor assembly comprises: a multiple-piece housing comprising: a housing bottom; a housing top coupled to the housing bottom, the housing top including an aperture; and a lens coupled to the housing top to cover the aperture, a single circuit board disposed in the multiple-piece housing, the circuit board having a top side facing the lens and a bottom side facing the housing bottom, the circuit board comprising: a visible light sensor disposed on the top side of the circuit board; a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board; an infrared (IR) temperature sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board; an air flow sensor disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board; and a temperature and RH sensor disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board.
 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the at least one LED-based lighting fixture includes a plurality of LED-based lighting fixtures coupled together in a daisy-chain configuration, each LED-based lighting fixture of the plurality of LED-based lighting fixtures comprising the at least one integrated sensor assembly, and wherein A) comprises: flowing the fluid coolant in the coolant circuit through the daisy-chain configuration to extract the fixture-generated heat from respective lighting fixtures of the plurality of LED-based lighting fixtures.
 36. An integrated sensor assembly comprising: a multiple-piece housing comprising: a housing bottom; a housing top coupled to the housing bottom, the housing top including an aperture; and a lens coupled to the housing top to cover the aperture, a single circuit board disposed in the multiple-piece housing, the circuit board having a top side facing the lens and a bottom side facing the housing bottom, the circuit board comprising: a visible light sensor disposed on the top side of the circuit board; a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board; an infrared (IR) temperature sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board; a USB port; an air flow sensor disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board; and a temperature and RH sensor disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board.
 37. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 36, wherein: the housing bottom includes a bottom aperture; and the CO2 sensor is exposed through the bottom aperture of the housing bottom.
 38. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 36, wherein: the housing bottom includes a bottom aperture; and the IR temperature sensor is exposed through the bottom aperture of the housing bottom
 39. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 36, wherein: the housing bottom includes a first aperture and a second aperture; the CO2 sensor is exposed through the first aperture of the housing bottom; and the IR temperature sensor is exposed through the second aperture of the housing bottom.
 40. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 36, wherein each of the housing bottom and housing top comprises: a first protruding portion on a first side of the multiple-piece housing to partially surround the USB port; a second protruding portion on a second side of the multiple-piece housing, opposite the first side of the multiple-piece housing, to contain the air flow sensor; and a third protruding portion on the second side of the multiple-piece housing, adjacent the second protruding portion, to contain the combined temperature and relative humidity sensor.
 41. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 40, wherein the air flow sensor is disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the second protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing.
 42. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 41, wherein the temperature and RH sensor is disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the third protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing.
 43. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 40, wherein the temperature and RH sensor is disposed on a protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the third protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing.
 44. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 36, wherein the housing is at least one of substantially water tight or substantially air tight.
 45. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 36, wherein the visible light sensor is spectrally sensitive to at least one of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
 46. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 36, wherein the visible light sensor detects light at a viewing angle of up to 160 degrees.
 47. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 36, further comprising at least one of an air pollution sensor, a pH sensor, or a hyperspectral camera.
 48. The integrated sensor assembly of claim 36, wherein the integrated sensor assembly has a length less than about 75 mm, a width less than about 36 mm, and a height less than about 19 mm.
 49. A controlled environment agriculture (CEA) system comprising the integrated sensor assembly of claim
 36. 50. An integrated sensor assembly comprising: a multiple-piece housing comprising: a housing bottom having a first aperture and a second aperture; a housing top coupled to the housing bottom, the housing top including a third aperture; and a lens coupled to the housing top to cover the third aperture, wherein each of the housing bottom and housing top comprises: a first protruding portion on a first side of the multiple-piece housing to partially surround a USB port; a second protruding portion on a second side of the multiple-piece housing, opposite the first side of the multiple-piece housing, to contain an air flow sensor; and a third protruding portion on the second side of the multiple-piece housing, adjacent the second protruding portion, to contain a combined temperature and relative humidity (RH) sensor; a single circuit board disposed in the multiple-piece housing, the circuit board having a top side facing the lens and a bottom side facing the housing bottom, the circuit board comprising: a visible light sensor disposed on the top side of the circuit board; a carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board, the CO2 sensor exposed through the first aperture of the housing bottom; an infrared (IR) temperature sensor disposed on the bottom side of the circuit board, the IR temperature sensor exposed through the second aperture of the housing bottom; the USB port; the air flow sensor disposed on a first protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the second protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing; and the temperature and RH sensor disposed on a second protruding portion of the circuit board positioned within the third protruding portion of the multiple-piece housing.
 51. The lighting fixture of claim 2, wherein: the at least one integrated sensor assembly includes at least a first integrated sensor assembly coupled to a first port of the at least one of the plurality of PoE ports or the USB port and a second integrated sensor assembly coupled to a second port of the at least one of the plurality of PoE ports or the USB port.
 52. The lighting fixture of claim 2, wherein: the at least one integrated sensor assembly includes at least a first integrated sensor assembly coupled to a first port of the at least one of the plurality of PoE ports or the USB port and a second integrated sensor assembly coupled to a second port of the at least one of the plurality of PoE ports or the USB port; and at least one of the first integrated sensor assembly and the second integrated sensor assembly is coupled to a corresponding one of the first port and the second port via the at least one extender.
 53. The system of claim 23, wherein: in A), the at least one fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture includes: a first fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture comprising a first plurality of ports to provide the DC power to at least one first auxiliary device coupled to at least one of the first plurality of ports, the first plurality of ports including the first port in F) and a second port of the first plurality of ports; and a second fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture comprising a second plurality of ports to provide the DC power to at least one second auxiliary device coupled to at least one of the second plurality of ports, the second plurality of ports including a first port and a second port of the second plurality of ports; in C), the plurality of lighting fixtures includes the first fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture and the second fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture; in F), the at least one integrated sensor assembly includes a first integrated sensor assembly coupled to the first port of the first plurality of ports of the first fluid-cooled LED-based lighting fixture, the first integrated sensor assembly comprising a first plurality of sensors to sense a first plurality of conditions relating to the plurality of plants supported by the at least one shelving structure in E); and the system further comprises: a second integrated sensor assembly, coupled to one of the second port of the first plurality of ports of the first lighting fixture, the first port of the second plurality of ports of the second lighting fixture, or the second port of the second plurality of ports of the second lighting fixture, the second integrated sensor assembly comprising a second plurality of sensors to sense a second plurality of conditions relating to the plurality of plants supported by the at least one shelving structure in E).
 54. The lighting system of claim 53, wherein at least one of the first integrated sensor assembly and the second integrated sensor assembly is coupled to a corresponding port of one of the first lighting fixture and the second lighting fixture via the at least one extender.
 55. The lighting system of claim 53, wherein the second integrated sensor assembly is coupled to one of the first port of the second plurality of ports of the second lighting fixture or the second port of the second plurality of ports of the second lighting fixture.
 56. The lighting system of claim 53, wherein the second integrated sensor assembly is coupled to the second port of the first plurality of ports of the first lighting fixture.
 57. The method of claim 35, wherein C) comprises: C1) sensing the plurality of conditions in the agricultural environment via the at least one integrated sensor assembly coupled to multiple lighting fixtures of the plurality of LED-based lighting fixtures, wherein for at least a first lighting fixture of the multiple lighting fixtures, the at least one integrated sensor assembly is coupled to the first lighting fixture via at least one extender, wherein the at least one extender includes: at least one cable; at least one gooseneck flexible extender; and/or at least one adjustable-angle extender.
 58. The method of claim 57, further comprising: D) controlling at least one of 1) the PAR output by at least one lighting fixture of the plurality of LED-based lighting fixtures and 2) a flow of the fluid coolant in at least one of the daisy-chain configuration and the hydronics loop, based at least in part on the plurality of conditions sensed in C) by the at least one integrated sensor assembly. 